4y 2s Final Exam

Samāsa

Tappurisasamāsa

Definition

in general
- visesana-visesya: compound formed from a qualifier and a qualified term
excluding kammadhāraya and digu
- 2nd meaning is predominant: meaning of 2nd term (visesya) is predominant
- bhinnādhikaraṇe: they don’t have the same referent
- amādayo parapadehi (kcyn): visesana bears a case ending beginning with the accusative (aṃ ādi (any other than paṭhamā), leading to 6 types
e.g.:
- tassa puriso tappuriso (his man)
notes:
- includes kammadhāraya and digu as subtypes
- called Dependant Determinative Compound

Kammadhāraya and Digu vs. Tappurisa

	kammadhāraya	digu	tappurisa
visesana & visesya	tulyādikaraṇa	tulyādikaraṇa	bhinnādhikaraṇa
vibhatti	both paṭhamā	both paṭhamā	1st aṁādi
			1st ≠ from 2nd

kammadhāraya and digu:
- visesana and visesya are tulyādikaraṇa (in apposition; having the same referent)
- paṭhamāvibhatti is used in both members
tappurisa:
- bhinnādhikaraṇa: don’t refer to the same thing
- adj (1st member) can have any vibhatti other than paṭhamā
- vibhatti of the qualifier is ≠ from that of the qualified

6 types

acc. to the vibhatti of the first term:

dutiyā tappurisa (accusative tappurisa)
- araññaṁ gato araññagato (one who has gone to the forest)
tatiyā tappurisa (instrumental tappurisa
- buddhena bhāsito buddhabhāsito (the dhamma spoken by the buddha)
catutthī tappurisa (dative tappurisa)
- kaṭhinassa dussaṃ kaṭhinadussaṃ (cloth intended for the kaṭhina robe)
pañcamī tappurisa (ablative tappurisa)
- corato bhayaṃ corabhayaṃ (fear arising from thieves)
chaṭṭhī tappurisa (genitive tappurisa)
- rañño putto rājaputto (the king’s son)
- tassa puriso (ta + purisa) tappuriso (his man)
sattamī tappurisa (locative tappurisa)
- vikāle bhojanaṃ vikālabhojanaṃ (eating at an improper time)
notes:
- paṭhamā tappurisa (kammadhāraya and digu): 1st member bears the nominative case
- also
  - amādiparatappurisa
  - aluttatappurisa

Gender, Number, and Declension

Determined by the 2nd term

e.g.: araññagata
- purisādigaṇa declension
  - when referring to a single man: araññagato (m. sg.)
  - when referring to many men: araññagatā (m. pl.)
- kaññādigaṇa declension
  - when referring to a single woman: araññagatā (f. sg.)
- etc.
notes:
- abhidheyya: the meaning denoted by a word

Viggaha

look at the meaning of the samāsa
- e.g.: tappurisa (his man)
determine the case ending that has been omitted from the qualifier
- e.g.: chaṭṭhīvibhattī
place the qualifier in that case
- e.g.: tassa
place the qualified in the nominative
- e.g.: puriso
final: tassa puriso tappuriso

Kitanta Upapada Samāsa

kitanta tappurisa / kitanta samāsa / upapadasamāsa: compound in which

upapada: the 1st member is an upapada (close word): preceding noun
kitaka: ends in a kitaka that cannot occur by itself
niccasamāsa: always occurs in the compounded form, never as 2 separate words
e.g.: kammakāro (one who does work; worker)
- kamma (upapada) kar + ṇa (kitaka); NOT kammaṁ kāro
notes:
- mostly found in tappurisa
- gato (kitaka): can occur by itself, so saraṇagato is not kitanta

Kitanta Upapada Viggaha
- assapada viggaha: uses a substitute word since the kitaka cannot be by itself
- kitakaviggahas always use verbs
- e.g.:
  - kammaṃ karotīti kammakāro (one who does work; worker)
    - kamma (upapada) + kara + ṇa (kitaka)
    - NOT kammaṁ kāro kammakāro (not a verb)
    - NOT kammaṁ kārako kammakāro (not a verb)
  - kumbhaṃ karotīti kumbhakāro (one who makes pots; potter)
  - alaṁ karotīti alaṅkāro (one who makes beauty)
  - atthaṃ kāmetīti atthakāmo (one who desires benefit)
  - dhammaṃ kāmetīti dhammakāmo (one who desires the Dhamma)
  - dhammaṃ dhāretīti dhammadharo (one who bears or retains the Dhamma)
  - vinayaṃ dhāretīti vinayadharo (one who bears or retains the Vinaya)

Forms That Do Not Form Compounds

forms ending in the following as the 2nd member do NOT form compounds

-vantu
- -tavantu
- -tāvī
-anta
- -māna
-tvā
- -tvāna
- -tuna
-tuṃ
- -tave
e.g.:
- odanaṃ bhuttavā (a person who has eaten rice); NOT odanabhuttavā
- dhammaṃ suṇanto (one who hears the dhamma)
- dhammaṃ suṇanto (one who hears the Dhamma)
- dhammaṃ suṇamāno (one who is listening to thle dhamma)
- dhammaṃ suṇamāno (one who is listening to the Dhamma)
- dhammaṃ sutvā
- dhammaṃ sutvāna
- dhammaṃ sotuna
- dhammaṃ sotuṃ
- dhammaṃ sotave

Dutiyatappurisasamāsa – e.g.:

saraṇaṃ gato saraṇagato (one who has gone to a refuge)
sukhaṃ patto sukhappatto (one who has attained happiness)
dukkhaṃ patto dukkhappatto (one who has fallen into suffering)
bhayaṃ patto bhayappatto (one who has encountered fear)
sokaṃ patto sokappatto (one who has fallen into grief)
sotaṃ āpanno sotāpanno (one who has entered the stream, namely the Noble Path)
nirodhaṃ samāpanno nirodhasamāpanno (one who has attained cessation)
rathaṃ āruḷho rathāruḷho (one mounted on a chariot)
sabbarattiṃ sobhano sabbarattisobhano (that which is splendid throughout the entire night)
kitanta upapada: vayo harantīti vayoharā (tbc)

Tatiyātappurisasamāsa – e.g.:

kattvattha (agent + passive participle) (most cases)
- buddhena bhāsito buddhabhāsito (something spoken by the Buddha)
- jinena desito jinadesito (something taught by the Victor)
- satthārā vaṇṇito satthuvaṇṇito (one praised by the Teacher)
- viññūhi garahito viññugarahito (one blamed by the wise)
- viññūhi pasattho viññuppasattho (one praised by the wise)
  - pa-suffix is redoubled
- issarena kataṁ issarakataṃ (something made by the lord)
- sayaṁ (nipāta) kataṁ sayaṃkataṃ (something done by oneself)
- sukehi āhaṭaṃ sukāhaṭaṃ (something brought by parrots)
- raññā hato rājahato (one killed by the king)
- rogena pīḷito rogapīḷito (one afflicted by disease)
- agginā daḍḍho aggidaḍḍho (something burnt by fire)
- sappena daṭṭho sappadaṭṭho (one bitten by a snake)
- sallena viddho sallaviddho (one pierced by a dart)
- icchāya apakato icchāpakato (one led away from his natural state by desire)
  - apakata adj.: put off, done away ✗
sahattha
- sīlena sampanno sīlasampanno (one endowed with virtue)
- sukhena sahagataṁ sukhasahagataṃ (a mind accompanied by happiness)
- ñāṇena sampayuttaṁ ñāṇasampayuttaṃ (a mind associated with wisdom)
- mittehi saṁsaggo mittasaṃsaggo (association with friends)
sahādiyogattha
- piyehi vippayogo piyavippayogo (separation from loved ones)
  - can also be considered apādānattha
kāraṇa-/hetu-attha
- jātiyā thaddho jātitthaddho (a person made arrogant because of birth or caste)
nānattakaraṇa
- guṇehi hīno guṇahīno (a person lacking in virtue)
- guṇavuḍḍho (a person increased in virtue)
catuvaggena karaṇīyaṁ catuvaggakaraṇīyaṃ (a vinaya act to be performed by a four-member saṅgha)
catuvaggādinā kattabbaṁ catuvaggādikattabbaṃ (a vinaya act to be performed by a saṅgha consisting of four or more monks)
kākehi peyyā kākapeyyā (a river the water of which may be drunk by crows)
notes: most have a passive participle (kammavācaka kitaka) as 2nd member

Kitanta Upapada
- urena gacchatīti urago (that which moves on its chest snake)
  - √gam -> ga
- pādena pivatīti pādapo (that which drinks through its feet; tree)
  - pivati: √pā -> pa
With pubbādi

pubba, sadisa, sama, ūna, vikala, kalaho, sammissa, sakhilo, atthiko, adhiko
- māsena pubbo māsapubbo (that which is earlier by one month)
- mātuyā sadiso mātusadiso (one similar to one’s mother)
- satthārā sadiso satthukappo (one comparable to the teacher)
  - satthunā kappo satthukappo
  - satthukappaṁ vinayaṁ (the vinaya is like the teacher)
- pitunā/pitarā samo pitusamo (one equal to one’s father)
- ekena ūnā ekūnā (lacking one)
  - ekūnā vīsati ekūnavīsati (twenty lacking one = nineteen) (kammadharaya)
    - not digu beacuse not just eka but ekūna
- sīlena vikalo sīlavikalo (one deficient in virtue)
- asinā kalaho asikalaho (a quarrel fought with swords)
- vācāya nipuṇo vācānipuṇo (one skilled/subtle in speech)
- yāvakālikena sammissaṁ yāvakālikasammissaṃ (something mixed with yāvakālika food)
- vācāya sakhilo vācāsakhilo (one gentle in speech)
- puññena atthiko puññatthiko (one who has a need for merit)
- visesanattha
  - guṇena adhiko guṇādhiko (one superior in virtue)
Majjhelopī Tatiyatappurisa

An extra word is present in the viggaha and elided in the compound acc. to vuttatthānam appayogo
- guḷena saṃsaṭṭho odano guḷodano (rice mixed with jaggery)
- khīrena saṁsaṭṭho odano khīrodano (rice mixed with milk)
- assena yutto ratho assaratho (a chariot yoked with a horse)
- maggena sampayuttaṁ cittaṁ maggacittaṃ (a mind associated with the path)
- jambuyā paññāto lakkhito dīpo jambudīpo (the island distinguished by the rose apple tree)
  - lakkhito explains paññāto
  - a big rose apple tree
- ekena adhikā dasa ekādasa (ten increased by one = eleven)
- notes: also exists in other types of tappurisa
Cases Where No Compound Is Formed

-tabba, when 2nd member, rarely forms compounds
- kākehi pātabbā (a river whose water can be drunk by crows); NOT kākapātabbā
- notes:
  - dassanena pahātabbā (the realities which should be abandoned by sotāpattimagga)
    - some: alutta tatiyā tappurisa
    - rpsd: not a samāsa

Catutthītappurisa – e.g.:

tadattha
- kaṭhinassa / kaṭhināya dussaṃ kaṭhinadussaṃ (cloth intended for a kaṭhina robe, cloth intended for the spreading of the kaṭhina)
- cīvarassa / cīvarāya dussaṁ cīvaradussaṃ (cloth intended for a robe)
- cīvarassa / cīvarāya mūlyaṁ cīvaramūlyaṃ (money intended for a robe)
- yāguyā taṇḍulā yāgutaṇḍulā (rice intended for gruel)
  - some: yāguyā atthāya taṇḍulā yāgutaṇḍulā (rice for the purpose of gruel)
    - atthāya is used to make the tadattha meaning explicit
- bhattassa taṇḍulā bhattataṇḍulā (rice intended for cooked rice)
- saṅghassa bhattaṃ saṅghabhattaṃ (food intended for the saṅgha)
- āgantukānaṃ bhattaṃ āgantukabhattaṃ (food intended for visiting monks (guests))
- gamikehi bhattaṁ gamikabhattaṃ (food intended for those who are about to travel)
- pāsādassa / pāsādāya dabbā pāsādadabbaṃ (timber intended for a mansion) pāsāda
tumattha (tum + kāmo)
- kattuṃ kāmo kattukāmo (one who wishes to do)
  - -tum: catutthīvibhatti is added then elided
    - see nipāta section
  - ṁ is elided (niggahītalopasandhi)
- gantuṃ kāmo gantukāmo (one who wishes to go)
- daṭṭhuṃ kāmo daṭṭhukāmo (one who wishes to see)
- kathetuṃ kāmo kathetukāmo (one who wishes to speak)
- note: saṅghassa dātuṁ does NOT compound
with attha, hita, deyya, etc.
- attha (purpose, benefit)
  - bhikkhusaṅghassa attho bhikkhusaṅghattho vihāro (a monastery for the benefit of the community of monks)
  - bhikkhusaṅghatthā yāgu (gruel for the benefit of the community of monks)
  - yassatthāya yadattho (for whose purpose)
  - etadattho vāyāmo (effort for this purpose)
  - etadatthā kathā (a talk for this purpose)
  - kimatthaṃ (for what purpose?)
  - attatthaṃ (for one’s own benefit)
  - paratthaṃ (for another’s benefit)
  - vinayo saṃvaratthāya (the Vinaya is for the sake of restraint)
  - notes:
    - jnk:
      - sskr: catutthī (followed here)
      - Pāḷi: chaṭṭhī tappurisa and bahubbīhi compounds
- hita (benefit of)
  - lokassa hito lokahito (benefit to the world)
- deyya
  - buddhassa deyyaṃ buddhadeyyaṃ pupphaṃ (flowers to be offered to the Buddha)
- anuloma
  - suttassa anulomaṃ suttānulomaṃ (conforming to the Sutta)
- paṇāma
  - buddhassa paṇāmo buddhapaṇāmo (homage to the Buddha)
- thomana
  - buddhassa thomanā buddhathomanā (praise of the Buddha / praise to the Buddha)
- upaṭṭhāna
  - buddhassa upaṭṭhānaṃ buddhupaṭṭhānaṃ (service rendered to the Buddha)

Cases Where No Compound Is Formed

In some expressions:
- saṅghassa dātabbaṃ (to be given to the Saṅgha)
- saṅghassa dātuṃ (to give to the Saṅgha)

Pañcamītappurisasamāsa

pañcamī apagamana bhaya-virati-mocanatthādīhi (rpsd): formed with second members that convey meanings expressed by the pañcamīvibhatti

second conveys departure, first conveys from

e.g.
- apādānattha
  - nagaraniggato (one who has departed from the city)
  - piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto (one who has returned from the alms-round)
  - rukkhaggā patito rukkhaggapatito (one who has fallen from the top of a tree)
  - sāsanacuto (one who has fallen away from the dispensation)
  - āpattivuṭṭhānaṃ (rising from an offence)
  - khandhasaṅgahato nissaṭaṃ khandhasaṅgahanissaṭaṃ (nibbāna, which is free from the collection of aggregates)
  - rājato bhayaṃ rājabhayaṃ (fear arising from the king) 14
  - corehi bhayaṃ corabhayaṃ (fear of thieves; fear arising from thieves)
  - amanussehi bhayaṃ amanussabhayaṃ (fear of non-human beings)
  - pāpato bhīto pāpabhīto (one who is afraid of (from) evil),
  - bandhanā mutto bandhanamutto (one freed from bondage)
  - vanamutto (one freed from the forest)
  - methunasmā apeto methunāpeto (one who has abstained from sexual intercourse)
  - akattabbato virati akattabbavirati (abstinence from what should not be done)
  - kāyaduccaritato virati kāyaduccaritavirati (abstinence from bodily misconduct)
  - ukkaṭṭhato ukkaṭṭhaṁ ukkaṭṭhukkattaṃ (something superior to what is already superior; bigger than the big)
  - omakato omakaṁ omakomakaṃ (something inferior to what is already inferior; smaller than the small)
- kāraṇattha
  - kammato samuṭṭhitaṃ kammasamuṭṭhitaṃ (that which has arisen due to kamma)
- upapada (kitanta) samāsas
  - kāraṇattha
    - kammato jātaṃ kammajaṁ (that which has arisen due to kamma)
    - cittato jātaṁ cittajaṁ (arisen due to mind)
    - ututo jātaṁ utuja (arisen due to temperature)
    - āhārato jātaṁ āhārajaṁ (arisen due to nutriment)

Chaṭṭhītappurisasamāsa

e.g.:
- chaṭṭhī attha
  - rañño putto rājaputto (the king’s son)
  - rājapuriso (the king’s servant)
  - buddhasāvako (disciple of the buddha)
  - buddharūpaṁ (image of the buddha)
  - jinasssa vacanaṁ jinavacanaṁ (word of the victor (buddha))
  - samuddassa ghoso samuddaghoso (sound of the ocean)15
  - dhaññarāsi (a heap of grain; samūhasambandha)
  - pupphagandho (the fragrance of a flower),
  - phalaraso (the flavour of a fruit; guṇasambandha),
  - kāyalahutā (lightness of
- dutiyattha
  - ācariyassa pūjako ācariyapūjako (one who honours the teacher) 16
    - obj of kitaka words in chaṭṭhī
    - -aka
      - saṅghassa pūjako saṅghapūjako
      - bhattassa bhājako bhattabhājako
      - kiriyassa kārako kiriyakārako
    - -ana
      - dhammassa desanā / savanaṁ
      - buddhassa vandanā buddhavandanā
      - kilesassa pahānaṁ kilesappahānaṁ
      - adinnassa ādānaṁ adinnādānaṁ
      - sīlassa samādānaṁ sīlasamādānaṁ
  - maraṇassa sati maraṇassati (mindfulness of death)
    - could also be maraṇanti sati (kammadhāraya)
- niddhāraṇattha
  - purisānaṁ uttamo purisuttamo (the best among men)
  - dvipadānaṁ uttamo dvipaduttamo (the best among bipeds)
  - devānaṁ devo devadevo (the god among gods)
  - notes:
    - nrt: tappurisa is formed with niddhāraṇa
    - here, meaning of comparison, not niddhāraṇa
      - purisuttamo (the man who is superior to all men)
      - dvipaduttamo (the one who is superior to all bipeds)
      - devadevo (the god who is superior to all gods)
Special Changes in Certain Words
- puma as first member
  - pumassa liṅgaṁ pulliṅgaṁ (masculine gender)
  - pumassa bhāvo pumbhāvo (manhood; masculinity)
  - note: puma -> puṁ (mgln)
    - also in kammadhāraya
- rāja as second member: may decline as rāja or, if -a is added, as purisa
  - devānaṁ rājā devarājā / devarājo (king of the gods)
    - Sometimes the compound receives the suffix -a mentioned earlier in examples such as dvirattaṁ
    - the body”; guṇasambandha),
    - rukkhamūlaṁ (“the vicinity of a tree”; literally, ‘the root/base of a tree’; samīpasambandha)
    - Ayassa patto → ayopatto (“an iron bowl”; vikārasambandha)
    - Pānīyathālakaṁ (“a water vessel; water bowl”)
    - Sappikumbho (“a jar of ghee”)
    - The last two examples illustrate relationships of container and contents.
      - 16 In this example, ācariyassa (“the teacher”) is the object (kamma) of pūjako (“worshipper”).
However, as learned in the Kāraka Chapter, the object of a word ending in the suffix -aka is expressed in the genitive case. Therefore, it is written in the genitive as ācariyassa. Although the meaning is that of an object (kammattha), the grammatical case is the genitive. Since the determining factor is the case ending rather than the semantic role, this is still a chaṭṭhī tappurisa compound.

Then it declines like a regular a-stem masculine noun (purisa): devarājo, devarājā, devarājaṁ, devarāje, etc. The same suffix may also be added to sakha, another member of the rājādi class. Thus, from: Devānaṁ sakhā → devasakhā, the compound may decline either:
according to the rājādi class: devasakhā, devasakhāno, etc. or,
according to the purisādi class: devasakho, devasakhā, etc.
Shortening of ī & ū

ī & ū at the end of the first member are often shortened 19
- hatthino padaṁ hatthipadaṁ (elephant’s footprint)
- itthiyā rūpaṁ itthirūpaṁ (female form)
- bhikkhuniyā saṅgho bhikkhunisaṅgho (community of nuns)
- jambuyā sākhā jambusākhā (branch of a rose-apple tree)
- sabbaññuno sāsanaṁ sabbaññusāsanaṁ
Gamaka Compounds
- a type of tappurisa
- not compounded
  - aññamañña anapekkha (mutually independent): words that, though close to each other, do not compound because they are mutually independent
    - bhaṭo rañño putto devadattassa (the servant of the king is the son of Devadatta)
      - NOT rājaputto
  - aññasāpekkha (dependent on another word): words that, though close to each other, do not compound because they depend on another word
    - devadattassa kaṇhā dantā (the black teeth of Devadatta)
      - NOT devadattakaṇhā
  - gamakasamāsa
    - an aññasāpekkha term may be compounded if the intended meaning can still be clearly understood after compounding
      - devadattassa gurukulaṁ (the family of Devadatta’s teacher)
        
        devadattassa guruno kulaṁ
        
        guru: depends on both:
        
        kula (the teacher’s family)
        
        devadattassa (devadatta’s teacher)
      - bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho
      - devadattassa bhaginiputto
      - tassa pādamūlaṁ
- gamaka: that which makes something understood
- sāpekkhatte satipi gamakattā samāso – even though dependence exists, compounding occurs because the meaning can still be understood
19 This change takes place according to the Kaccāyana rule “Kvacādimajjhuttarānaṁ dīgharassā paccayesu ca.” Under this rule, the long and short vowels occurring at the beginning, middle, or end of certain words are subject to alteration when suffixes or stems are succeeding.

Sattamītappurisasamāsa

e.g.
- vikāle bhojanaṁ vikālabhojanaṁ (eating at an improper time)
- rūpe saññā rūpasaññā (perception arising in relation to form)
  - nrtdpn: the word rūpe is an okāsa-kāraka. the essential nature of kāraka meanings is that they involve the occurrence of an action. therefore, even when no verb is explicitly present in such expressions, an implied verbal meaning such as “arising” should be supplied in order to understand the sense correctly. accordingly, rūpasaññā should be understood as: “the perception arising in relation to form.” it may also be analysed as a majjhelopī tappurisa compound: rūpe uppannā saññā → rūpasaññā (“perception arisen in form”)
- rūpe (uppannā) sañcetanā rūpasañcetanā (volition arising in relation to form)
- saṁsāre dukkhaṁ saṁsāradukkhaṁ (suffering existing in saṁsāra)
- cakkhumhi sannissitaṁ / uppannaṁ viññāṇaṁ cakkhuviññāṇaṁ (consciousness dependent on the eye) (majjhelopī tappurisa)
  - okāsakāraka expects an action
- dhamme rato dhammarato (one delighted in the dhamma)
- araññe vāso araññavāso (dwelling in the forest)
- vane pupphaṁ vanapupphaṁ (a flower in the forest)
- dhammābhirati (delight in the dhamma)
- dhammaruci (interest in the dhamma)
- dhammagāravo (respect in (for) the dhamma)
- dāne adhimutti dānādhimutti (firm commitment in (to) giving)
- bhavantare kataṁ bhavantarakataṁ (an action performed in another existence)
  - appears in the context of asaññasatta
- dassane assādo dassanassādo (enjoyment in seeing)
- kāle vassaṁ kālavassaṁ (rainfall occurring at the proper time)
- vane mahiso vanamahiṁso (a buffalo living in the forest)
  - mahiṁso = mahiso
- gāme sūkaro gāmasūkaro (a pig living in a village)
- samudde maccho samuddamaccho (a fish in the ocean)
- āvāṭe kacchapo āvāṭakacchapo (a turtle in a pit)
- āvāṭe maṇḍūko āvāṭamaṇḍūko (a frog in a pit)
- kūpe maṇḍūko kūpamaṇḍūko (a frog in a well)
- titthe nāvā titthanāvā (a boat at a ferry crossing)
- itthīsu dhutto itthidhutto (a person who indulges in women)
- chāyāya sukkho chāyāsukkho ((meat) dried in the shade)
- aṅgāre pakkaṁ aṅgārapakkaṁ (meat cooked on charcoal)
- cārake baddho cārakabaddho (a person confined in prison)
Kitanta Upapada
- vane caratīti vanacaro (one who wanders in the forest)
- kāme avacaratīti kāmāvacaro (a reality that predominantly occurs in the sense sphere)
  - note: this is acc. to the first definition
  - objects of kāmataṇhā: kāmassa avacaratīti kāmāvacaro (chaṭṭhītappurisa)
    - avacara: the realities themselves
- kucchimhi / kucchiyaṁ sayatīti kucchisayo (air residing in the stomach)
- thale tiṭṭhatīti thalaṭṭho (a creature dwelling on land)
- jale tiṭṭhatīti jalaṭṭho (a creature dwelling in water)
- pabbate tiṭṭhatīti ṭhitoti pabbataṭṭho (one standing on a mountain)
  - other verbal nouns can be used jātaṁ / jāyatīti
  - notes:
    - in most viggahas, “iti” can be used
    - in kitaka, bhāvasādhanaviggaha cannot be formed with “iti”
- magge ṭhitoti maggaṭṭho (one standing on the path)
- phale tiṭṭhatīti phalaṭṭho (one standing on the fruition)
- paṅke jātaṁ paṅkajaṁ ((a lotus) born in the mud)
  - or paṅkato jātaṁ (pañcamītappurisa)
- sire ruhatīti siroruhaṁ (growing on the head: hair)
  - siro because of manogaṇa
- sare ruhatīti saroruhaṁ (growing on the lake)
- bhāvanāyaṁ ramatīti bhāvanārāmo (tbc)
- pahānasmiṁ ramatīti pahānarāmo (tbc)
- bhāvanāyaṁ ramatīti bhāvanārato (tbc)
- pahānasmiṁ ramatīti pahānarato (tbc)
Cases not found as compounds
- bhojane mattaññutā (moderation in eating)
- indriyesu guttadvāratā (guardedness in the sense doors)
- āsane nisinno (seated on a seat)
- āsane nisīditabbaṁ (should sit on a seat)

Amādipara Tappurisa

1st member with aṁ-ādi vibhatti (tappurisa characteristic)
inversion: 1st member becomes the 2nd member (particular characteristic)
e.g.
- chaṭṭhī
  - māsassa addhaṁ addhamāsaṁ (half of a month)
  - haṁsānaṁ rājā rājahaṁso / haṁsarājā (king of swans)
  - kahāpaṇassa aḍḍhaṁ aḍḍhakahāpaṇaṁ (half of a kahāpaṇa coin)
  - rattiyā pubbaṁ pubbarattaṁ (the earlier part of the night)
  - ahassa pubbaṁ pubbanhaṁ (rpsd) / pubbaṇhaṁ (mgln) (the first part of the day)
    - aha -> anha (rpsd) aha -> ṇha (mgln)
- chaṭṭhī / abyayībhāva
  - rattiyā pacchā pacchārattaṁ (the latter part of the night)
- sattamī
  - pubbe diṭṭho diṭṭhapubbo (one previously seen)
- sāyanhaṁ (rpsd) / sāyaṇhaṁ (mgln) (the evening part of the day)

Prefixes & Particles on the Front

prefix / particle of the 2nd member moves to the front of the samāsa
its meaning becomes predominant (resembling abyayībhāva)
- avyayībhāva: only neuter gender amādipara tappurisa: not only neuter gender
- avyayībhāva: usually express a quality amādiparatappurisa: may also denote entities (things)
  - upanagaraṁ (being near a city; NOT an actual object near the city)
e.g.
- antaṁ atikkantaṁ accantaṁ (that which has gone beyond the end; absolute)
  - 1st member: anta
  - 2nd member: ati
    - moves to the front

	abyayībhāva	amādiparatappurisa
gender	neuter	any
refers to	quality	quality or thing
predominant	1st member	1st member
1st member	nipāta/upasagga	nipāta/upasagga

e.g.
- velaṁ atikkanto ativelo (“one who has exceeded the limit”)
- akkhaṁ patigataṁ (nissitaṁ) paccakkhaṁ (“that which has come into contact with the senses; experienced through direct perception”)
- atthaṁ anugataṁ anvatthaṁ (“that which is in accordance with the meaning”)
- vānato nikkhantaṁ nibbānaṁ (“that which has gone out from craving”)
- ācariyato paro pācariyo (“a teacher superior to a teacher; a teacher’s teacher”)
- vacanāya alaṁ alaṁvacano (“fit for words”)
- kokilāya avakuṭṭhaṁ avakokilaṁ (“a forest abandoned by cuckoos”)
- kammassa alaṁ samatthoti alaṅkammo (“fit or suitable for an action”)
- kilesehi nikkhanto nikkileso (“that which has departed from defilements”; free from defilements)
- vanato niyyāto nibbano (“one who has come out of the forest”)
- payyako (“one superior to a grandfather; the grandfather’s father”)
- hiyyo paro parahiyyo (“the day before yesterday”)
rpsd:
- gaṅgāya upari uparigaṅgaṁ (the upper region of the river)
- heṭṭhānadī (the lower region of the river)
- antosamāpatti (the phenomenon within an attainment)
- note: also abyayībhāva
  - when they denote a entity (dabba): tappurisa
  - rpsd-ṭ: mainly abyayībhāva to avoid confusion

Alutta Tappurisa Compounds

Dutiyā Tappurisa
- • Pabhaṁ karotīti pabhaṅkaro (“one who produces light”)
- • Amataṁ dadātīti amatandado (“one who gives the Deathless”)
- • Raṇaṁ jahātīti raṇañjaho (“one who abandons the dust of defilements”)
- • Jutiṁ dhāretīti jutindharo (“one who bears radiance”)24
  - 24 These four examples are all upapada compounds.
Tatiyā Tappurisa
- • Sahasā kataṁ sahasākataṁ (“done hastily or by force”)25
  - 25 The word saha belongs to the manogaṇādi group. (It was not mentioned under the manogaṇādi of Nāma Chapter, since it is rarely found declined as other stems of that group.) Therefore, sahasā is an instrumental form, like manasā (“by mind”), cetasā (“by thought”), and vacasā (“by speech”). If sahasā is regarded as an indeclinable (nipāta), then this is not an alutta tappurisa compound. Rather, it is an ordinary lutta tatiyā tappurisa, since the case ending has been elided.
Catutthī Tappurisa
- • Parassa padaṁ parassapadaṁ (“a verbal ending for (referring to) another”)
- Attano padaṁ attanopadaṁ (“a verbal ending for (referring to) oneself”)26
  - 26 A detailed discussion of this meaning will be given in the Ākhyāta-kaṇḍa.
- Devānaṁpiyatisso (“Tissa who is dear to the gods”)
Pañcamī Tappurisa
- Bhayato upaṭṭhānaṁ bhayatūpaṭṭhānaṁ (“knowledge that apprehends something as fear”)
- Paratoghoso (“the Dhamma-sound heard from others”)
- Kaṭattārūpaṁ (“material form arises due to past kamma”)
Chaṭṭhī Tappurisa
- Gavaṁpati (“lord of cattle”)
Sattamī Tappurisa
- Manasikāro (“attention”; literally: “making in the mind”)
- Pubbenivāso (“former existence”)
- Majjhekalyāṇo (“the dhamma which is good in the middle”)
- Dūrerūpaṁ (“a distant form”)
- Santikerūpaṁ (“a nearby form”)
- Antevāsī, Antevāsiko (“a pupil living nearby his teacher”)
- Sarasijaṁ (“a lotus born in a lake”)27
  - 27 The words antevāsī, antevāsiko, and sarasijaṁ are upapada samāsa compounds.

Dvandasamāsa

Definition

nāmanaṁ samuccayo dvando (kcyn): compound formed by combining two or more nouns that are not in a qualifier-qualified (visesana-visesya) relationship is called a dvanda samāsa

sāriputto ca moggallāno ca sāriputtamoggallānā (Ven. Sāriputta and Ven. Moggallāna)

ubhayapadatthappadhāno dvando (rpsd): in a dvandva compound, there is no qualifier and qualified; the meanings of both members are equally prominent 1

ekatthībhāvo samāsalakkhaṇaṁ (oneness of meaning is the (main) characteristic of a compound)
in dvanda: oneness here is 2 meanings of the 2 words being expressed at the same moment
- bhante: not satisfying answer
- me: attha can mean function; maybe they come to have a single function, not meaning

aka: copulative compound

Viggaha

put terms in the paṭhamāvibhatti
add “ca” after each

4 Samuccayas

samuccayajotanatthaṁ casaddappayogo (rpsd): the particle “ca” is used to express the meaning of samuccaya (conjunction, collection, grouping together)

4 types of samuccaya
- kevala samuccaya (simple conjunction): conjunction without compounding
  - cīvarañca piṇḍapātañca adāsi (he gave robes and alms-food)
- samāhāra samuccaya (collective grouping)
- anvācaya samuccaya (secondary inclusion)
  - dānañca dehi sīlaca rakkhāhi (give alms and also observe morality)
  - note: no compound is formed
- itarītarayoga samuccaya (mutual combination)
- note:
  - for more see nipāta lesson
  - dvandva can be samāhāra and itarītarayoga
  - acc. to vuttatthānamappayogo, “ca” are not present in the final samāsa

Number of Coumpounded Terms

No limit

e.g.:

surā ca asurā ca narā ca uragā ca nāgā ca yakkhā ca surāsuranaroraganāgayakkhā (gods, asuras, humans, serpents, nāgas, and yakkhas)
gandhabbā ca kinnarā ca manussā ca pisācā ca petā ca gandhabbakinnaramanussapisācapetā (gandhabbas, kinnaras, humans, pisācas, and pretas)
mātaṅgā ca jaṅgamā ca turaṅgā ca varāhā ca sīhā ca mātaṅgajaṅgamaturaṅgavarāhasīhā (elephants, moving creatures, horses, boars, and lions)
byagghā ca acchā ca kacchapā ca taracchā ca migā ca assā ca soṇā ca byagghacchakacchapataracchamigassasoṇā (tigers, bears, turtles, bears with black head, deer, horses, and dogs)

2 Types

Asamāhāra- / Itarītarayoga- Dvanda: copulative compound with plural meaning and plural termination
- number: plural
- gender: determined by the final member
- e.g.
  - sāriputto ca moggallāno ca sāriputtamoggallānā
  - samaṇo ca brāhmaṇo ca samaṇabrāhmaṇā (ascetics and brahmins)
  - brāhmaṇā ca gahapatikā ca brāhmaṇagahapatikā (brahmins and householders)
  - devā ca manussā ca devamanussā (gods and humans)
  - candimā ca suriyo ca candimasuriyā (the moon and the sun)
  - mātā ca pitā ca mātāpitaro (mother and father; parents)
  - pitā ca puttā ca pitāputtā (father and sons)
    - u -> ā: mātu -> mātā, pitu -> pitā
Samāhāra Dvandva: copulative compound with plural meaning and singular termination
- number: singular collective like digu (tilokaṁ)
- gender: neuter
- e.g.:
  - samatho ca vipassanā ca samathavipassanaṁ (concentration and insight)

	asamāhāra	samāhāra
meaning	plural	plural
termination	plural	singular
gender	acc. to final member	neuter w/ exceptions
number	plural	singular

Member Order

most respected (accita) term is normally placed first (but not always)
no qualifier nor qualified
e.g.
- sāriputtamoggallānā
- samaṇabrāhmaṇā

Categories that Generally Form Samāhāra Dvanda Samāsas

Parts of living beings
- cakkhu ca sotañca cakkhusotaṁ (eye and ear) 5
Components of performing arts
- naccañca gītañca vāditañca naccagītavāditaṁ (dance, song, and instrumental music) 6
Agricultural implements
- Phālañca pācanañca phālapācanaṁ (ploughshare and goad) 7
Divisions of an army
- Hatthino ca assā ca hatthiassaṁ (elephants and horses) 8
Small creatures
- Ḍaṁsā ca makasā ca ḍaṁsamakasaṁ (gnats and mosquitoes)
Mutually hostile animals
- Ahi ca nakulo ca ahinakulaṁ (snake and mongoose) 9
Things differing in characteristics but performing the same function
- Samatho ca vipassanā ca samathavipassanaṁ (concentration and insight) 10
Words of different genders
- Dāsī ca dāso ca dāsidāsaṁ (female and male servants)
Numbers and measurements
- Dukaṁ ca tikaṁ ca dukatikaṁ (dyads and triads)
- Dīgho ca majjhimo ca dīghamajjhimaṁ (the long and the middle)
Animal-slaughterers and members of outcaste communities
- Orabbhikā ca sūkarikā ca orabbhikasūkarikaṁ (sheep-slaughterers and pig-slaughterers)
- Sapāko ca caṇḍālo ca sapākacaṇḍālaṁ (a Sapāka and a Caṇḍāla)
Directions
- Pubbā ca aparā ca pubbāparaṁ (east and west)
Trees
- Assattho ca kapittho ca assatthakapitthaṁ (the Bodhi tree and the wood apple tree) 12
Grass
- Muñjaṁ ca pabbajaṁ ca muñjapabbajaṁ (muñja grass and pabbaja grass)
Quadrupeds
- Ajā ca eḷakā ca ajeḷakaṁ (or ajeḷakā) (goats and sheep) 13
Wealth
- hiraññañca suvaṇṇañca hiraññasuvaṇṇaṁ (raw gold and gold; unwrought and wrought gold; unworked and worked gold) 14
Grains
- Sāli ca yavā ca sāliyavaṁ (rice and barley)
Countries
- Kāsī ca Kosalā ca Kāsikosalaṁ
Opposites
- kusalaṁ ca akusalaṁ ca kusalākusalaṁ (wholesome and unwholesome)
- aho ca ratti ca ahorattaṁ (day and night)
- ratti ca divā ca rattindivaṁ (night and day)
Birds
- haṁsā ca bakā ca haṁsabakaṁ (swans and cranes)
more respected first
if no distinction, the term with fewer vowels first
- e.g.: candasuriyā, surāsurā, nigamajanapadā, vijjācaraṇa (not caraṇavijjā since vijjā is shorter)
i/u-kāranta first
- e.g.: aggidhūmo
if akāranta, the one beginning with a vowel first
- e.g.: atthadhammā
  - dhammatthā also may occur
if many words, no fixed rule
- e.g.: gandhabbakinnaramanussapisācapetā

accitappasaraṁ pubbaṁ, ivaṇṇuvaṇṇakaṁ kvaci dvande sarādyakārantaṁ, bahūsu aniyamo bhave (rpsd) in a dvandva compound, the honoured word and the word with fewer vowels are placed first. in some places, words ending in i-vowels and u-vowels are placed first. words beginning with a vowel and ending in a are also placed first. when there are many words, there is no fixed rule

Non-neuter Samāhāradvanda e.g.

Ādhipaccaṁ ca parivāro ca ādhipaccaparivāro (authority and retinue)
Chando ca pārisuddhi ca chandapārisuddhi (consent and purity)
Paṭisandhi ca pavatti ca paṭisandhipavatti (rebirth-linking and continued existence)

Dvanda – Meaning

The word dvandva is formed by combining two occurrences of the word dvi (“two”). A dvandva, in Sanskrit, is anything that occurs in pairs. Thus, a duel between two persons is called a dvandva battle.

In Pāli, the word is dvanda. Its viggaha is: Dve ca dve ca dvandā. Just as the word dvanda is formed from dvi + dvi, all compounds formed by joining two or more coordinate words, such as Sāriputta + Moggallāna, are called Dvandva compounds.

Bahubbīhisamāsa

Definition

aññapadatthesu bahubbīhi (kcyn): expresses the meaning of another word, which is different from the meaning of the two compounded words e.g., āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo) (the monastery to which monks have come)

āgatā: those who have come
samaṇā: contemplatives
imaṁ: monastery (referent)

aññapadatthappadhāno bahubbīhi (rpsd): principal meaning is that of the another word

aka: Relative Compound or Attributive Compound

Bahubbīhi: Meaning

bahavo vīhayo yassa so bahubbīhi: he who has much rice is called bahubbīhi

bahu + vīhi (much grain)
yassa: to whom there is much grain

9 Types

Dvipada-tulyādhikaraṇa
Dvipada-bhinnādhikaraṇa
Tipada
Na-nipāta-pubbapada
include paṭhamā bahubbīhi
- Saha-pubbapada
- Upamāna-pubbapada
- Saṅkhyobhaya-pada
- Disantarāḷatta
- Byatihāra-lakkhaṇa

Dvipada-tulyādhikaraṇa Bahubbīhi

2 terms in tulyādhikaraṇa e.g. āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇo
- before compounding: both are tulyādikaraṇa (refer to the same referent)
  - āgatā: those (contemplatives) who have come
  - samaṇā: contemplatives
- after compounding: both refer to a single another referent
  - ima: the place to which the contemplatives have come
1. Gender and Number of Bahubbīhi Compounds
  
  bahubbīhi cāyaṁ abhidheyyaliṅgavacano (rpsd): meaning, gender, and number acc. to the referent
  - āgatā samaṇā imeti āgatasamaṇā (saṅghārāmā) (monasteries to which monks have come)
  - āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇā (sāvatthī) (sāvatthī to which monks have come)
  - āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇaṁ (jetavanaṁ) (jetavana to which monks have come)
2. Aññapada
  
  Word that expresses the referent to which the compound refers
  - ya, ta, eta, and ima (/ vā) are usually used in its place so are also called the external word
    - note: in saṅkhyobhayapada bahubbīhi, “vā” is the external word
  - case
    - it is put in any vibhatti except the ālapana
    - depends on the meaning intended
  e.g., āgatā samaṇā imaṁ (saṅghārāmaṁ) āgatasamaṇo
  - external word: saṅghārāma, ima
  - here, dutiyā because it expresses the place to which the monks came
3. Viggaha of Bahubbīhi Compounds
  - put the terms in the nominative case (singular or plural)
    - e.g., āgatā samaṇā
  - put the external word (ya, ta, eta, and ima (/ vā)) in the appropriate case followed by “iti”
    - e.g.,
      - āgatā samaṇā yanti āgatasamaṇo
      - āgatā samaṇā tanti āgatasamaṇo
      - āgatā samaṇā etanti āgatasamaṇo
      - āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇo
  - optional
    - add referent word after pronoun to clarify its meaning
      - e.g. āgatā samaṇā imaṁ saṅghārāmanti āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo)
    - add ta and ima to express the meaning “that is” (if so, remove “iti”)
      - e.g.
        
        āgatā samaṇā imaṁ saṅghārāmaṁ, so āgatasamaṇo
        
        āgatā samaṇā imaṁ saṅghārāmaṁ, soyaṁ āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo)
        
        soyaṁ (so + ayaṁ)
        
        sāyaṁ (sā + ayaṁ)
  - all forms (4+4+4+4=16):
    - āgatā samaṇā yanti āgatasamaṇo
    - āgatā samaṇā tanti āgatasamaṇo
    - āgatā samaṇā etanti āgatasamaṇo
    - āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇo
    - āgatā samaṇā imaṁ saṅghārāmanti āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo)
    - āgatā samaṇā imaṁ saṅghārāmaṁ, so āgatasamaṇo
    - āgatā samaṇā imaṁ saṅghārāmaṁ, soyaṁ āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo)
4. 6 Types According to Case
  
  acc. to the case of the external word:
  - note: paṭhamā bahubbīhi is found in other types like saha-pubbapada
  - dutiyā bahubbīhi:
    - āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo) (a monastery to which monks have come)
    - paṭipannā addhikā yanti paṭipannaddhiko (patho) (a road on which travellers have set out)
    - abhiruḷhā vāṇijā yanti abhiruḷhavāṇijā (nāvā) (a ship on which merchants have boarded)
  - tatiyā bahubbīhi: agent of an action expressed by one of the compounded words
    - jitāni indriyāni yenāti jitindriyo (samaṇo) (a monk by whom the faculties have been conquered)
    - diṭṭhadhammo (one by whom the dhamma has been seen)
    - pattadhammo (one by whom the dhamma has been attained)
    - katakicco (one by whom the task has been done)
    - jitamāro (one by whom māra has been conquered)
    - paṭividdhasabbadhammo (one by whom all dhammas have been penetrated)
  - catutthī bahubbīhi: sampadāna of an action found among the compounded words
    - dinno suṅko yassāti dinnasuṅko (rājā) (a king to whom tax has been given)
    - upanītaṁ bhojanaṁ assāti upanītabhojano (samaṇo) (a monk to whom food has been brought)
    - upahaṭo bali assāti upahaṭabali (yakkho) (a yakkha to whom an offering has been brought)
    - note: bhante: not possible with -āya suffix (tbc)
  - pañcamī bahubbīhi: apādāna of an action found among the compounded words
    - niggatā janā asmāti niggatajano (gāmo) - “a village from which people have gone out”
    - niggato ayo asmāti nirayo - “hell, from which happiness has departed”
    - niggatā kilesā etasmāti nikkileso - “one from whom defilements have departed”
    - apetaṁ viññāṇaṁ asmāti apetaviññāṇo (matakāyo) - “a dead body from which consciousness has departed”
    - apagataṁ bhayabheravaṁ asmāti apagatabhayabheravo (arahā) - “an arahant from whom fear and terror have departed”
  - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi: sambandha of the compounded words
    - chinnā hatthā yassāti chinnahattho (puriso) (a man whose hands are cut off)
    - paripuṇṇasaṅkappo (one whose intentions are fulfilled)
    - khīṇāsavo (one whose taints are destroyed)
  - sattamī bahubbīhi:
    - sampannāni sassāni yasminti sampannasasso (janapado) (a district in which crops are abundant)
    - sulabho piṇḍo imasminti sulabhapiṇḍo (deso) (a country where food is easily obtained)
    - ākiṇṇā manussā yassanti ākiṇṇamanussā (rājadhānī) (a capital crowded with people)
    - bahavo tāpasā etasminti bahutāpaso (assamo) (a hermitage where there are many ascetics)
    - upacitaṁ maṁsalohitaṁ asminti upacitamaṁsalohitaṁ (sarīraṁ) (a body in which flesh and blood have accumulated)
    - bahavo sāmino asminti bahussāmikaṁ (nagaraṁ) (a city that has many owners)
  1. Chaṭṭhī Bahubbīhi
    1. More E.g.
      - vītarāgo (one whose lust has departed)
      - dve padāni assāti dvipado (one who has two feet)
      - dvihattho (a cloth two cubits long)
      - tevijjo (one who has the three knowledges)
        
        ti -> te
      - catuppado - “one who has four feet”
      - pañcacakkhu (bhagavā) - “the blessed one who has five eyes”
      - chaḷabhiñño - “one who has the six higher knowledges” the final vowel of abhiññā is shortened.
      - navaṅgaṁ (satthusāsanaṁ) - “the buddhasāsana that has nine divisions”
      - dasabalo - “one who has the ten powers”
      - anantañāṇo - “one who has infinite knowledge”
      - tīṇi dasa etesanti tidasā (devā) - “the gods who have three tens, that is, thirty gods”
      - ayaṁ paccayo etesanti idappaccayā - “those things that have this condition, namely resultant dhammas
      - ko pabhavo assāti kiṁpabhavo (kāyo) - “what origin does this body have?”
      - vigataṁ malamassāti vimalo - “one whose stain has departed; stainless”
      - sundaro gandho assāti sugandhaṁ (candanaṁ) - “sandalwood that has a pleasant fragrance”
      - susīlo - “one who has good morality”
      - sumukho - “one who has a beautiful face”
      - sundaraṁ mano assāti sumano (one who has a good mind)
      - duṭṭhu mano assāti dummano (one who has a bad mind)
      - natthi sīlaṁ assāti dussīlo (there is no “his” morality)
      - dummukho - “one who has an ugly face”
      - kucchito gandho assāti duggandhaṁ (kuṇapaṁ) - “a corpse that has a bad smell”
      - tapo eva dhanaṁ assāti tapodhano - “one whose wealth is ascetic practice itself”
      - indoti nāmaṁ etassāti indanāmo - “one whose name is inda”
      - kiṁ nāmaṁ assāti kiṁnāmo - “what is his name?”
        
        the word kiṁ may be replaced by ko, forming konāmo. this is found in the expression konāmo te upajjhāyo. (rūpasiddhi-bhāsaṭīkā 2, 29)
      - dīghā jaṅghā yassāti dīghajaṅgho (puriso) - “a man who has long calves”
        
        here, although the first word dīghā is feminine, since it is a word that also occurs in masculine form elsewhere, the feminine suffix is removed. this was explained under kammadhāraya compounds in connection with forms such as khattiyakaññā. the final ā of the second member jaṅghā is also shortened.
      - pahūtā jivhā assāti pahūtajivho (bhagavā) - “the blessed one who has a broad tongue”
      - mahatī paññā assāti mahāpañño - “one who has great wisdom”
    2. Examples Where the Compound-final Suffix -ka Is Added
      
      Saddhā pakati assāti saddhāpakatiko - “one whose nature is faith” Paññāpakatiko - “one whose nature is wisdom”
    3. The First Member in Bahubbīhi
      
      In a bahubbīhi compound, of the two words being compounded, the qualifier usually comes first.
      
      However, in some compounds such as chandajāta, either of the two words may come first: Chando jāto assāti chandajāto - “one whose desire has arisen” Jāto chando assātipi jātachando - “one whose desire has arisen” Sañjātapītisomanasso/ Pītisomanassasañjāto - “one whose joy and happiness have arisen” Chinnahattho / hatthacchinno - “one whose hands are cut off”
    4. The Suffix -ā Added to the End of Bahubbīhi Compounds
      
      In some cases where words such as dhanu occur as the final member, the suffix -ā is added to the end of the compound.
      - Gāṇḍīvo dhanu assāti gāṇḍīvadhanvā - “one who has the Gāṇḍīva bow”
        
        (gāṇḍīvadhanu + ā)
      - Paccakkho dhammo assāti paccakkhadhammā - “one who has directly realized Dhamma” (paccakkhadhamma + ā)
      - This does not occur always. Therefore, forms without the suffix -ā, such as paccakkhadhammo and viditadhammo, are also formed.
  2. Sattamī
    1. Suffix -ka
      
      Suffix -ka is added to:
      - f. ī/ū kāranta
      - suffix -tu
      e.g.
      - bahū nadiyo asminti bahunadiko (janapado) (a region with many rivers)
      - bahujambukaṁ (vanaṁ) (a forest with many rose-apple trees)
      - bahavo kattāro asmiṁ / assāti bahukattuko (deso) (a country with many doers)
      - bahubhattuko (a person with many masters)
  3. Gabbha Bahubbīhisamāsas
    
    Kammadhāraya-tappurisa-gabbha-bahubbīhi-samāsa: bahubbīhi that includes a kammadhāraya and a tappurisa samāsas within it
    - nānā-duma-patita-puppha-vāsita-sānu
      - nānappakārā dumā nānā dumā (various kinds of trees) nānā dumā nānādumā
        
        visesana-pubbapada kammadhāraya
        
        duma: tree
      - nānādumehi patitāni nānādumapatitāni (things fallen from various kinds of trees)
        
        pañcamī tappurisa
      - nānādumapatitāni ca tāni pupphāni cāti nānādumapatitapupphāni (flowers fallen from various kinds of trees)
        
        visesana-pubbapada kammadhāraya
      - nānādumapatitapupphehi vāsitā nānādumapatitapupphavāsitā (scented by such flowers)
        
        tatiyā tappurisa
        
        vāsita: scented, perfumed
      - nānādumapatitapupphavāsitā sānu yassa pabbatassa soyaṁ nānādumapatitapupphavāsitasānu (pabbato) (a mountain whose slopes are scented by flowers fallen from various kinds of trees)
        
        chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi
        
        sānu: plateau
    - byālamb-ambudhara-bindu-cumbita-kūṭo
      - byālambo ambudharo byālambambudharo (a cloud hanging downward)
        
        byālamba: hanging downward
        
        ambudhara: cloud
        
        visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
      - tassa bindūni byālambambudharabindūni (raindrops of that cloud)
        
        chaṭṭhī tappurisa
      - byālambambudharabindūhi cumbito byālambambudharabinducumbito (a peak kissed by those raindrops)
        
        tatiyā tappurisa
        
        cumbita: kissed
      - byālambambudharabinducumbito kūṭo yassa soyaṁ byālambambudharabinducumbitakūṭo (a mountain whose peak is kissed by raindrops of clouds hanging downward)
        
        chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi
        
        kūṭa: peak, ridge, summit
    3 Bahubbīhi compounds are classified into two types: Tagguṇa-saṁviññāṇa and Atagguṇa saṁviññāṇa. Here, guṇa means the qualifier. Since the constituent words of a Bahubbīhi compound qualify the meaning of another (external) word, the constituent words are called qualifiers (guṇa). Saṁviññāṇa means “that which conveys together” (saha + viññāpaka). If the meaning of the external word (aññapada) inherently includes the meaning expressed by the qualifier, the compound is called Tagguṇasaṁviññāṇa. For example: Lambo kaṇṇo yassa so lambakaṇṇo - one who has long ears. Here, the long ears belong to the person. Therefore, the meaning of yassa (“the one who has”) inherently includes the meaning of the qualifier, namely, long ears. If the meaning of the external word does not inherently include the meaning expressed by the qualifier, the compound is called Atagguṇasaṁviññāṇa. For example: Bahu dhanaṁ yassāti bahudhano - one who possesses much wealth. Here, the person and the great wealth are two distinct entities. Merely referring to the person does not simultaneously convey the meaning of much wealth. Therefore, this is an Atagguṇa-saṁviññāṇa Bahubbīhi compound.
Dvipada-bhinnādhikaraṇa Bahubbīhi
- each member has a different referent
- 1 member in paṭhamā, the other in another vibhatti
e.g.
- dutiyā
  - ekarattiṁ vāso assāti ekarattivāso (one who has a stay lasting one night)
- tatiyā
  - samānena vāso assāti samānavāso (one who has dwelling together with a similar person)
- pañcamī
  - ubhato byañjanaṁ assāti ubhatobyañjanako (one who possesses both sexual organs, arisen due to both kammas: the kamma that produces female sexual organ and the kamma that produces male sexual organ)
    - this is an aluttasamāsa
- sattamī
  - chattaṁ pāṇimhi assāti chattapāṇi (one who has an umbrella in the hand)
  - daṇḍo pāṇimhi assāti daṇḍapāṇi (one who has a staff in the hand)
  - satthaṁ pāṇimhi assāti satthapāṇi (one who has a knife in the hand)
  - vajiraṁ pāṇimhi assāti vajirapāṇi (one who has a thunderbolt weapon on the hand)
  - khaggo hatthamhi assāti khaggahattho (one who has a sword in the hand)
  - satthaṁ hatthamhi assāti satthahattho (one who has a knife in the hand)
  - urasmiṁ lomāni assāti urasilomo (one who has hair on the chest)
  - dāne ajjhāsayo assāti dānajjhāsayo (one who has the intention to give)
  - saddhamme gāravo assāti saddhammagāravo (one who has reverence in the (for the) Dhamma)
Tipada Bahubbīhi
- 3 members
- e.g.
  - parakkamena adhigatā sampadā yehi te parakkamādhigatasampadā (those who possess wealth acquired through great effort)
    - if adhigatasampadā (acquired wealth) (kammadharaya) is taken as one term, it could be considered a dvipada
    - yehi/yesaṁ
  - dhammena adhigatā bhogā yehi te dhammādhigatabhogā (those who possess wealth acquired righteously)
  - oṇīto pattato pāṇi yena soyaṁ oṇītapattapāṇi (the Blessed One whose hand is taken out of the bowl)
    - oṇīta
      - 1 pp. removed; taken down; lowered ava + √nī + ta ~
      - 2 pp. put into water; washed ✗
    - tatiya (yena) / chaṭṭhī (yassa)
  - sīhassa pubbaddhaṁ viya kāyo assāti sīhapubbaddhakāyo (the Blessed One whose body resembles the forepart of a lion)
    - includes an upamā, so it is also an upamābahubbīhi
Na-nipāta Pubbapada Bahubbīhi

“na” is the 1st member
- note: “na” can be either
  - kammadhāraya (amanusso)
  - bahubbīhi (asamo)
- can be formed with “natthi” or “na vijjati”
e.g.
- natthi samo etassāti asamo (bhagavā) (there is no “his” equal, one who has no equal)
- natthi paṭipuggalo etassāti appaṭipuggalo (there is no “his” counterpart)
- natthi putto/ā etassāti aputtako (there is no “his” son)
- natthi hetu etassāti ahetuko (dhammo) (there is no “its” cause)
  - natthi hetu cittassāti ahetukaṁ (cittaṁ)
- natthi saṁvāso etenāti asaṁvāso (a person with whom there is no communal living)
- na vijjate vuṭṭhi etthāti avuṭṭhiko (a region where there is no rainfall)
  - natthi vuṭṭhi etthāti avuṭṭhiko
  - na vijjati / vijjate
- natthi bhikkhu etthāti abhikkhuko (vihāro) (a monastery without monks)
- natthi etassa uttaroti anuttaro (one who has no one superior to him)
- natthi anto assāti anantaṁ (that which has no end)
- na vijjanti āsavā etesanti anāsavā (those who have no taints; there are no āsavās for him)
- note: nrtdpn: considers nanipātapubbapada catutthī and sattamī bahubbīhi
Saha-pubbapada Bahubbīhi
- nipāta “saha” as first member
- it is a paṭhamābahibbīhi: aññapada is in paṭhamāvibhatti
- e.g.
  - saha vitakkena yo vattatīti savitakko (a phenomenon associated with initial application)
  - saha hetunā yo vattatīti sahetu / sahetuko (a phenomenon that exists with (accompanied by) a cause)
  - sappītiko (a phenomenon together with (accompanied by) pīti)
  - sappaccayo (a phenomenon together with conditions)
  - saha kilesehi yo vattatīti sakileso (one together with defilements)
  - saha upādānehi yo vattatīti saupādāno (one accompanied by clinging)
  - saha parivārena yo vattatīti saparivāro (one accompanied by an retinue)
  - saha devehi yo vattatīti sadevako (Samārako, Sabrahmako (loko) - the world together with the devas, Māra, Brahmā)
1. words that become “sa”
  - santa (sappuriso)
  - saha (savitakko)
  - sabba (sadā)
  - samāsa (sajjhukīraṁva muccati)
  - saṁ -> sā (sārāgo)
Upamāna-pubbapada Bahubbīhi
- 1st member is upamāna (the object of comparison)
- chaṭṭhī / paṭhamā bahubbīhi
e.g. of upamāna pubbapada chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
- suvaṇṇavaṇṇo viya vaṇṇo yassa soyaṁ suvaṇṇavaṇṇo (Bhagavā) (the Blessed One who possesses a complexion like the color of gold)
  - suvaṇṇavaṇṇavaṇṇo: suvaṇṇavaṇṇa + vaṇṇa -> suvaṇṇa + vaṇṇa
- nāgassa gati viya gati assāti nāgagati (one who has a gait like that of an elephant)
- sīhagati (one who has a gait like that of a lion)
- sīhassa hanu viya hanu assāti sīhahanu (one who has a jaw like that of a lion)
- sīhassa pubbaddhaṁ viya assa kāyoti sīhapubbaddhakāyo (one who has a body resembling the forepart of a lion)
- brahmuno saro viya saro assāti brahmassaro (one who has a voice like that of Brahmā)
e.g. paṭhamā bahubbīhi (some don’t recognize this as bahubbīhi)
- nigrodho iva parimaṇḍalo yo soyaṁ nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo - a prince whose well rounded bodily form resembles a banyan tree
- saṅkho viya paṇḍaro ayanti saṅkhapaṇḍaro (something as white as a conch shell)
  - paṇḍara: odāta, suddha, dhavala, suddha
- kāko viya sūro ayanti kākasūro (one who is as brazen as a crow)
- cakkhu iva bhūto ayaṁ cakkhubhūto (Bhagavā) (the Blessed One who is like an eye that has appeared)
- brahmabhūto (one who is like a manifested Brahmā)
- andhabhūto (the world which has become as if blind)
- muñjapabbajamiva bhūtā ayaṁti muñjapabbajabhūtā (a wrong view that is like muñjah grass and babbaja grass)
Saṅkhyobhayapada Bahubbīhi
- expresses an indefinite number such as 2 or 3 rather than specifying exactly 2 or 3
- vikappatha (meaning of alternative) of “vā” becomes primary
- 2 numerals compounded with vikappattha (alternative meaning) conveyed by “vā” being primary
- paṭhamā bahubbīhi
e.g.
- dve vā tayo vā pattā dvattipattā (two or three bowls)
- dvīhaṁ vā tīhaṁ vā dvīhatīhaṁ (two or three days)
  - dve vā tīṇi vā ahāni dvihatīhaṁ
- cha vā pañca vā vācā chappañcavācā (five or six words)
- satta vā aṭṭha vā māsā sattaṭṭhamāsā (seven or eight months)
- ekayojanaṁ vā dviyojanāni vā ekayojanadviyojanāni (one or two yojanas)
Disantarāḷattha Bahubbīhi
- antarāḷa: that which lies between
- disantarāḷa: that which lies between the principal directions (intermediate directions)
  - vidisā / anudisā
- expresses one of these intermediate directions
  - disantarāḷaṁ + attho yassa so disantarāḷattho (the compound that has the meaning of intermediate directions)
e.g.
- pubbassā ca dakkhiṇassā ca disāya yadantarāḷaṁ sāyaṁ pubbadakkhiṇā (the southeast direction, lying between the east and the south)
- pubbassā ca uttarassā ca disāya yadantarāḷaṁ sāyaṁ pubbuttarā (the northeast direction, lying between the east and the north)
  - pubbāya / pubbassā (f.)
- aparadakkhiṇā (the southwest direction)
- pacchimuttarā (the northwest direction)
Byatihāra-lakkhaṇa Bahubbīhi
- Byatihāra: yuddha, yudha, saṅgāma, sampahāra
- expresses the battle by its type / weapons
- paṭhamā bahubbīhi
- final vowel of the 1st term is lengthened
- suffix -i is added at the end of the compound
e.g.
- kesesu ca kesesu ca gahetvā idaṁ yuddhaṁ pavattatīti kesākesi (yuddhaṁ) (a battle fought by seizing one another by the hair)
  - kesakesa > kesākesa > kesākesi
- daṇḍehi ca daṇḍehi ca paharitvā idaṁ yuddhaṁ pavattatīti daṇḍādaṇḍi (yuddhaṁ) (a battle fought by striking one another with sticks)
  - daṇḍadaṇḍa > daṇḍādaṇḍa > daṇḍādaṇḍi
5 Occurrances of Paṭhamā Bahubbīhi
1. Saha-pubbapada Bahubbīhi
2. Upamāna-pubbapada Bahubbīhi
3. Saṅkhyobhayapada Bahubbīhi
4. Disantarāḷattha Bahubbīhi
5. Byatihāra-lakkhaṇa Bahubbīhi

Various Substitutions Found in Compounds

Based on Nānādesa-rāsi (Niruttidīpanī)

Manogaṇika Words: as 1st member, final vowel -> -o
- mano pubbaṅgamo etesanti manopubbaṅgamā (dhammā) (the dhammas of which the mind is the forerunner)
- mano seṭṭho etesanti manoseṭṭhā (those of which the mind is supreme)
- āpo dhātu āpodhātu
- tejo dhātu tejodhātu
“Para” + Numeral: final vowel -> -o
- satato paraṁ parosataṁ (more than one hundred)
- sahassato paraṁ parosahassaṁ (more than one thousand)
- paṇṇāsato parā paropaṇṇāsa (more than fifty dhammas) 10
  - nrtdpn: para is not the pronoun but an ordinary noun meaning exceeding, beyond, or more than
The Pronoun Ima: as 1st member -> idaṁ
- ayaṁ paccayo etesanti idappaccayā (those resultants having this as their condition)
Aha: as 2nd member -> -nha/-ṇha
- ahassa pubbo pubbanho / pubbaṇho (the early part of the day (forenoon))
Puma: as 1st member -> puṁ
- Pumo kokilo puṅkokilo (a male cuckoo)
- Pumassa liṅgaṁ pulliṅgaṁ (masculine gender)
Jāyā + pati (in dvandvasamāsa): jāyā sometimes -> jāyaṁ
- jāyā ca pati ca jāyaṁpati (wife and husband) 11
  - kcyn (jāyāya tudañjāni patimhi): jāyā may also be replaced by tudaṁ or jāni when followed by pati
    - jāyā ca pati ca tudampati - wife and husband
    - jāyā ca pati ca jānipati - wife and husband
Udaka: as 1st member -> uda / da
- uda
  - udakassa kumbho udakumbho (A water pot)
  - udakassa bindu udabindu (A drop of water)
  - udakaṁ dhāretīti udadhi (The ocean)
- da (u is elided)
  - udakassa sotaṁ dakasotaṁ (the stream of water; the urinary tract)
  - udake rakkhaso dakarakkhaso (a water demon)
  - udake jātaṁ dakajaṁ (water-born; aquatic)
Dvi: as the 1st member -> du / di
- du
  - dve paṭṭāni yassāti dupaṭṭaṁ (a robe consisting of two layers; double-robe)
  - dve aṅgāni yassāti duvaṅgikaṁ (something possessing two parts.)
- di
  - dve rattiyo dirattaṁ (Two nights)
  - dve gāvo digu (the digu compound; two cows)
  - dve guṇā (paṭalā) yassāti diguṇā (a robe having two folds; double-robe)
Dutiya / Tatiya / Catuttha + aḍḍha (half)
- dutiya + aḍḍha > diyaḍḍha / divaḍḍha
  - aḍḍhena dutiyo diyaḍḍho / divaḍḍho (second one as a half; one and a half)
- tatiya + aḍḍha > aḍḍhatiya
  - aḍḍhena tatiyo aḍḍhatiyo (third one as a half; two and a half)
- catuttha + aḍḍha > aḍḍhuḍḍha
  - aḍḍhena catuttho aḍḍhuḍḍho (fourth one as a half; three and a half)
- note: toher substitutions relating to numerals are explained under numeral taddhitas

Taddhita

Introduction

Definition

Taddhitapada (secondary derivatives): word formed by a nominal stem + taddhita suffix
Taddhitapaccaya (secondary-derivative suffix): suffixes that bear particular meanings and are added after nominal stems to form secondary derivatives

e.g., nominal base + taddhitapaccaya + vibhattipaccaya

vasiṭṭha + ṇa => Vāsiṭṭha + si => Vāsiṭṭho (vasiṭṭha’s child or a person belonging to vasiṭṭha’s lineage)
nāvā + ṇika => nāviko (one who crosses by ship; a sailor)
alasa + ṇya => ālasyaṃ (the state of a lazy person; laziness)
guṇa + vantu => guṇavā (one who possesses virtues; a virtuous person)
pañca + ma => pañcamo (one who completes a group of five; the fifth)
eka + kkhattuṃ => ekakkhattuṃ (once)

5 Nāmas

kitakanāma
taddhitanāma
nāmanāma
sabbanāma
samāsanāma

Taddhita – Meaning

Tasmā tividhaliṅgato paraṃ hutvā hitā sahitāti taddhitā (rpsd): they are called taddhita because
- they occur after and in connection with the three kinds of nominal bases
  - suddhanāma (primary nouns)
  - samāsanāma (compound nouns)
  - taddhitanāma (second derivative nouns)
  - notes: rarely also to
    - ākhyātas: ehipassiko (ehi passa ṇika)
    - nipātas:
      - sāhasikaṁ (ṇika)
      - ajjatana: something that happens today (ajja tana)
      - purātana: something that happened in the past (pura tana)
      - svātana: something that happens tomorrow (suve tana)
      - sanātana: something that happens forever (sanaṁ tana)
      - cirantana: something that happens for long time (ciraṁ tana)
- Tasmā hitā taddhitā: pañcamītappurisasamāsa
  - ta + hita = taddhita
    - hita / sahitā / dhita: applied, placed (r/dhā)
    - tasmā (from that): tividhaliṅgato
- The statement that taddhita suffixes occur after nouns describes the usual situation. In instances such as ehipassiko (the Dhamma that is worthy of the invitation “Come and see”), a taddhita suffix is also added to a verbal form. Particles are also treated as nouns in this context. Thus, in instances such as sāhasika (sahasā + ṇika, meaning “deed that is accidentally or forcefully done”) and ajjatana (ajja + tana, meaning “that which happens today”), taddhita suffixes are added to particles as well. Accordingly, taddhita suffixes are added to nouns and particles and, occasionally, to verbal forms. No words formed by adding taddhita suffixes to prefixes are found
Tesaṃ nāmikānaṃ hitā upakārakāti taddhitā (rpsd): called taddhita because they are beneficial or useful to those nominal bases
- Tesaṃ hitā taddhitā: catutthī/chaṭṭhī-tappurisasamāsa

primary denotation of the word taddhita: the taddhita suffixes such as ṇa

Paccaya – Meaning

Paṭicca etasmā attho etīti paccayo (rpsd): called paccaya because, depending on them, a meaning arises

paccaya: kitakanāma (pati √i)

Usage

Main: to express concisely a meaning otherwise expressed in two or three words

vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vāsiṭṭho (Vasiṭṭha’s child or a person belonging to his lineage)
vinayaṃ adhīte venayiko (one who studies the vinaya; a person learned in the vinaya)
guṇo assa atthi guṇavā (a virtuous person)
alasassa bhāvo ālasyaṃ (the state of a lazy person; laziness)

Samāsa vs. Taddhita

Samāsa: two or more nominal forms are combined
- rañño puriso rājapuriso (the king’s man; a royal servant)
Taddhita: a nominal base and a suffix are combined
- Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ → Vāsiṭṭho (Vasiṭṭha + ṇa; Vasiṭṭha’s child)
Thus, in a compound, two or more words combine to form a single word, whereas in taddhita formation, a nominal base and a suffix combine to form a new nominal base.

Samāso padasaṅkhepo, padappaccayasaṃhitaṃ, Taddhitaṃ nāma hotevaṃ, viññeyyaṃ tesamantaraṃ (rpsd) A compound is a word in which words have been combined and condensed. A taddhita is a word in which a word and a suffix have been combined. Their difference should be understood in this way

How Taddhita Words Are Formed

Meaning: Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ / putto (Vasiṭṭha’s child)
- Vasiṭṭha: person named Vasiṭṭha
- ṇa: apaccaṁ (son)
vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ > vasiṭṭhassa + ṇa
vibhattipaccayas are dropped
- vasiṭṭha + ṇa
ṇ is applied and elided
- ṇ: anubhanda (vuḍḍhi of the initial vowel); indicatory letter
- vāsiṭṭha + a
  - sometimes, vāseṭṭha (medial vowel i > e)
base + suffix = taddhita base
- vāsiṭṭha
vibhattipaccaya is added for it to be used
- vāsiṭṭha + si = vāsiṭṭho, etc.
noun is declined

Anubandha (Ṇ)

does not become part of the final form of the word
after the suffix has been applied, this indicatory ṇ is elided. The letter is called an anubandha (indicatory letter) because it is attached closely to the suffix
ṇa → ṇ + a
ṇika → ṇ + ika
ṇeyya → ṇ + eyya
ṇava → ṇ + ava
ṇera → ṇ + era

The indicatory ṇ is attached to a suffix to show that vuddhi is to take place in the base. 3 Apaccaṃ is a neuter word bearing the meaning “son.”

Vuddhi

Vuddhi: strengthening

a > ā
i, ī > e
u, ū > o

e.g.,

vasiṭṭha + ṇa > vāsiṭṭho (Vasiṭṭha’s child or a person belonging to his lineage)
vinaya + ṇika > venayiko (one who has studied the Vinaya; a person learned in the Vinaya)
uḷumpa + ṇika > oḷumpiko (one who crosses by raft)

vuddhi doesn’t happen

if followed by a conjunct
- kacca + ṇāyana > kaccāyano (Kacca’s child or a person belonging to Kacca’s lineage)
if the base begins with ā, e, or o
- bhāradvāja + ṇa > bhāradvājo (Bhāradvāja’s child or a person belonging to Bhāradvāja’s lineage)
- vesāmitta + ṇa > vesāmitto (Vesāmitta’s child or a person belonging to Vesāmitta’s lineage)
- gotama + ṇa > gotamo (Gotama’s child or a person belonging to Gotama’s lineage)

3 Vidhis of Vuddhi

niccavidhi (mandatory arrangement): vuddhi necessarily takes place
- e.g. Vāsiṭṭho
aniccavidhi (optional arrangement): vuddhi takes place optionally
- e.g. oḷumpiko / uḷumpiko (one who crosses by raft)
asantavidhi (non-arrangement): vuddhi does not take place
- e.g.
  - nīlaṃ (something blue)
  - pītaṃ (something yellow)

Vāsiṭṭhādīsu niccā’yaṃ, anicco’ḷumpikādisu; Na vuddhi nīlapītādo, vavatthitavibhāsato (rpsd) This vuddhi is obligatory in words such as Vāsiṭṭha, optional in instances such as oḷumpika, and absent in words such as nīla and pīta. This is due to vavatthita-vibhāsā: that is, the instances in which vuddhi does or does not occur are systematically determined within the grammar

Gender

all three genders
determined by the referent that it denotes or qualifies
- vāsiṭṭho puriso (a man belonging to vasiṭṭha’s lineage)
- vāsiṭṭhī kaññā (a young woman belonging to vasiṭṭha’s lineage)
- vāsiṭṭhaṃ apaccaṃ (a child belonging to vasiṭṭha’s lineage)
  - words formed with certain suffixes, however, occur only in a prescribed gender. For example, abstract nouns such as lahutā and mudutā, formed with the suffix tā, are always feminine. Special points concerning gender will be explained under the respective suffixes

3/6 Types

sāmañña taddhita (general taddhita)
- apacca (descendant): meaning: someone’s child or a person belonging to someone’s lineage
  - e.g. vāsiṭṭho
- anekattha (miscellaneous meanings): meanings: various
  - being mixed with something
  - having studied something
    - e.g. venayiko (vinaya + ṇika)
  - being made from something
  - being born in a particular place
- assatthi (possession): meaning: the possession of something
  - e.g. guṇavā (guṇa + vantu)
- saṅkhyā (number): meaning: numbers
  - e.g. pañcamo (pañca + ma)
bhava taddhita (abstract taddhita): meaning: the state or quality of being
- e.g. ālasyaṃ (alasa + ṇya; the state of a lazy person; laziness)
abyaya taddhita (indeclinable taddhita): forms taddhita words regarded as indeclinable particles
- e.g.
  - dvikkhattuṃ (dvi + kkhattuṃ; twice)
  - dvidhā (dvi + dhā; in two ways)
  - yathā (ya + thā; in a certain manner; as)

sāmaññavuttibhāvatthā, byayato taddhitaṃ tidhā, tassādi catudhā’paccā’nekattha’ssatthisaṅkhyāto (rpsd) Taddhita is threefold: general-function taddhita, abstract taddhita, and indeclinable taddhita. The first of these, general-function taddhita, is fourfold: descendant, miscellaneous meanings, possession, and number.

Apacca Taddhita

Meaning

Apaccaṃ (nt.; na √pat ṇya): son, child, descendent, offspring of

narake na patanti etenāti apaccaṁ (one by whom the parents do not fall into hell)
- note: so called maybe because of beliefs in rituals that only sons can do to save parents from going to hell after death
na patati vicchindati vaṁso etenāti (one by whom the lineage is not interrupted)

Apaccataddhitapaccaya: taddhita suffix used to denote a person’s child (mainly), grandchild, or descendents (“child / descendent of so-and-so”)

Viggaha

Word denoting the father or founder of the lineage (mostly proper nouns) in chaṭṭhīvibhatti
- Vasiṭṭha + sa = Vasiṭṭhassa
followed by “apaccaṃ”, “putto”, etc.
- Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ / putto
resulting term
- word denoting the father or founder of the lineage + apaccataddhitapaccaya
  - Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ Vasiṭṭha + ṇa/ṇāyana/…
- add paṭhamāvibhatti
  - Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ / putto Vāsiṭṭho

9 Apacca Taddhita Paccayas

ṇa
with clans such as Vaccha
- ṇāyana
- ṇāna
with feminine terms
- ṇeyya
ṇi
ṇika
ṇya
ṇava
ṇera
Notes:
- ṇ: anubandha indicating the vuddhi to be done
- Sdn and Nrtd add more suffixes
- aniccavidhi: such formation is optional; the same meaning can be expressed by a non-taddhita phrase:
  - Vāsiṭṭho = Vasiṭṭhassa putto
  - Kaccāyano = Kaccassa putto
- all taddhita formations are optional; there is no niccataddhita

-ṇa

Vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ
elide vibhatti
- Vasiṭṭha
add suffix that means apaccaṁ
- Vasiṭṭha ṇa
apply (vuddhi of initial vowel) and elide anubandha
- Vāsiṭṭha + a
sandhi
- Vāsiṭṭha
add vibhatti
- Vāsiṭṭha + si = Vāsiṭṭho

(kcyn)

vā ṇāpacce
ṇāyana ṇāna vacchādito
ṇeyyo kattiyādīhi
ato ṇi vā
ṇavopakvādīhi
ṇera vidhavādito
yena vā saṃsaṭṭhaṃ tarati carati vahati ṇiko

Gender & Declension

m.: as purisa	Vāsiṭṭho	Vāsiṭṭhā…
f.: as itthī (+ī)	Vāsiṭṭhī	Vāsiṭṭhī, Vāsiṭṭhiyo…
nt.: as citta	Vāsiṭṭhaṃ	Vāsiṭṭhā, Vāsiṭṭhāni…

E.g. With & Without Vuddhi

With vuddhi (no succeeding saṁyoga or ā/e/o)
- Vasudevassa apaccaṃ Vāsudevo
- Baladevassa apaccaṃ Bāladevo
Without vuddhi (succeeding saṃyoga or ā/e/o)
- Cittakassa apaccaṃ Cittako
- Bhāradvājassa putto Bhāradvājo
- Vesāmittassa putto Vesāmitto
- Gotamassa putto Gotamo

-ṇāyana & -ṇāna

“Child of, descendent of”: used with clan names e.g.,

Vacchassa apaccaṃ Vacchāyano / Vacchāno (child / descendant of Vaccha)
Kaccassa apaccaṃ Kaccāyano, Kaccāno
Moggallassa apaccaṃ Moggallāyano, Moggallāno
Aggivessāyano, Aggivessāno
Kaṇha: Kaṇhāyano, Kaṇhāno
Sakaṭa: Sākaṭāyano, Sākaṭāno
Muñca: Muñcāyano, Muñcāno
Kuñja: Kuñjāyano, Kuñjāno

-ṇeyya

Used with feminine-denoting words such as Kattikā, Vinatā, and Rohiṇī e.g.

Kattikāya apaccaṃ Kattikeyyo (the son of the goddess Kattikā)
Venateyyo - the child (a garuḷa) of the garuḷa mother named Vinatā Vinatā + ṇeyya
Rohiṇeyyo - the child of the goddess Rohiṇī (the god Balabhadra) Rohiṇī + ṇeyya
Gaṅgeyyo - the child of the River Gaṅgā (a king born near the River Ganges) Gaṅgā + ṇeyya
Bhāgineyyo - one’s sister’s son; nephew Bhaginī + ṇeyya
Nādeyyo - the child of a woman named Nadī Nadī + ṇeyya
Anteyyo - the child of one’s eldest sister Antī + ṇeyya
Āheyyo - the offspring of a female snake Ahi + ṇeyya
Kāpeyyo - the offspring of a female monkey Kapi + ṇeyya
Soceyyo - the child of the woman named Sucī Sucī + ṇeyya
Bāleyyo - the child of a foolish woman Bālā + ṇeyya

-ṇi

The suffix ṇi is added in the apacca sense to certain stems ending in a. Dakkhassa apaccaṃ Dakkhi (the child or descendant of the sage named Dakkha) Dakkha + ṇi => Dakkha + i => Dakkhi Because this is a stem ending in i, it is declined like aggi, with forms such as Dakkhi, Dakkhī, and Dakkhayo. Further Examples • Sakyaputti - the child, that is, a follower, of the Blessed One, who was the son of the Sakyan king • Nāṭaputti/nāthaputti - the child, that is, a follower, of Nāṭaputta • Suddhodani - Prince Siddhattha, the child of Suddhodana • Jenadatti - the child of Jinadatta • Anuruddhi - the child of Anuruddha (this is an example in which vuddhi has not occurred)9

The Suffix ṇika

The suffix ṇika is added to certain words in the apacca sense. Sakyaputtassa putto Sakyaputtiko (the son of the Blessed One, who was the son of the Sakyan king) The final k is also replaced by y, producing the alternative form Sakyaputtiyo. Further Examples • Nāṭaputtiko - the son of Nāṭaputta • Jenadattiko - the son of Jinadatta • Vimātuyā putto Vemātiko - the child of a different mother; a half-brother

-ṇya

The suffix ṇya is applied in the apacca sense to certain words such as Aditi. Aditiyā putto Ādicco (the sun-god, the son of the goddess Aditi) Derivation:

Aditi + ṇya

9Further examples: Vāsavi (the child of Vāsava, that is, Sakka); Dāsaputti (the child of Dāsaputta); Dāsarathi (the child of Dasaratha); Vāruṇi (the child of Varuṇa); Doṇi (the child of Doṇa); Kaṇḍi (the child of Kaṇḍa); Bāladevi (the child of Baladeva); Pāvaki (the child of Pāvaka).

The indicatory letter ṇ is elided.
The initial vowel a undergoes vuddhi and becomes ā.
When the suffix y follows, the final vowel i of the base is elided.
The consonant cluster ty changes to cc.
Āditya => Ādicca

In brief: Aditi + ṇya => Āditi + ya => Ādit + ya => Āditya => Ādicca Grammatical rule: When the taddhita suffix y follows, the final vowel of the base is elided.

Further Examples • Ditiyā putto Decco (An asura that is a son of the asura mother named Diti) • Kuṇḍaniyā putto Koṇḍañño (the son of Kuṇḍanī) o Despite being followed by a saṃyoga, the initial vowel u undergoes vuddhi and becomes o. o The final vowel i is elided. o The cluster ny changes to ññ. o Kuṇḍani + ṇya => Koṇḍanya => Koṇḍañña • Kuruno putto Korabyo (the son or descendant of Kuru) o The vowel u undergoes vuddhi and becomes o. o av is substituted for the vowel u of the consonant r. o The consonant cluster vy changes to by. o Kuru + ṇya => Koravya => Korabya • Bhātuno putto Bhātabyo (one’s brother’s son; nephew) o Here too, av is substituted for the vowel u of the consonant t, and vy changes to by: Bhātu + ṇya => Bhātavya => Bhātabya.

-ṇava

The suffix ṇava is applied in the apacca sense to names ending in u, such as Upagu and Manu. Upagussa apaccaṃ Opagavo (the child or descendant of Upagu) Upagu + ṇava => Opagu + ava => Opagava Further Examples • Mānavo - a child of the king Manu or a person belonging to Manu’s lineage; a human being • Bhaggavo - the child or descendant of Bhaggu • Paṇḍavo - the child or descendant of Paṇḍu • Opavindavo - the child or descendant of Upavindu Mānuso is also an apacca-taddhita form derived from the word Manu. However, the suffix used in it is not ṇava but ṇa. In addition, a consonant s is inserted: Manu + ṇa => Mānu + a => Mānu + s + a => Mānusa.

-ṇera

The suffix ṇera is applied in the apacca sense to words such as vidhavā. • Vidhavāya10 apaccaṃ Vedhavero (the son of a widow) o Derivation: Vidhavā + ṇera => Vedhavera • Bandhukiyā abhisāriṇiyā putto Bandhukero (the son of a prostitute) • Samaṇassa upajjhāyassa putto puttaṭṭhāniyattā Sāmaṇero (the novice who is the son of the monk who is his preceptor)11 • Samaṇiyā pavattiniyā apaccaṃ Sāmaṇerī (the female novice who is the child of her pavattinī)12 • Nāḷikāya apaccaṃ Nāḷikero (the son of a woman named Nāḷikā)

Anekattha Taddhita

Anekattha: having various meanings: group of taddhita suffixes that is not confined to a single sense, but is used in many different senses

Vicitrā hi taddhitavutti: the functions of taddhita suffixes are indeed varied

rpsd: almost 30 meanings

24 Main Anekataddhitapaccayas

ṇika
ṇa ṇeyya
ima iya ika kiya ya ṇya
kaṇ ṇa
tā
āyitatta
la
ālu
ka
ttaka
vantu
maya
tara
tama
isika
iya
iṭṭha

Taddhitas Acc. to Sense Expressed

To identify it: examine the word omitted from the viggaha e.g.,

tilena saṃsaṭṭhaṃ telikaṃ: saṃsaṭṭha taddhita (expresses the sense of mixed)
vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ vāsiṭṭho: apacca taddhita
nāvāya taratīti nāviko: tarati taddhita
rājagahe jāto rājagahiko: jāta taddhita
sabbaññussa bhāvo sabbaññutā: bhāva taddhita

-ṇika

Yena Saṁsaṭṭhaṁ

“An object mixed with something”
- tilena saṃsaṭṭhaṃ telikaṃ (bhojanaṃ) (food mixed with sesame)
  - tila + ṇika = telika
- tilena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ telikī yāgu (gruel mixed with sesame) (tila + ṇika)
- guḷena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ goḷikaṃ (something mixed with jaggery) (guḷa + ṇika)
- ghatena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ ghātikaṃ (something mixed with ghee) (ghata + ṇika)
- dadhinā saṁsaṭṭhaṁ dādhikaṃ (something mixed with curd) (dadhi + ṇika)
- maricena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ māricikaṃ (something mixed with pepper/chili) (marica + ṇika)
- loṇena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ loṇikaṃ (something mixed with salt) (loṇa + ṇika)
Yena Tarati

“One who crosses by means of something”
- nāvāya taratīti nāviko (one who crosses by boat) (nāvā + ṇika)
- uḷumpena taratīti oḷumpiko (one who crosses by a raft) (uḷumpa + ṇika)
  - also uḷumpiko
- kulliko (one who crosses by a raft) (kulla + ṇika)
- gopucchena taratīti gopucchiko (one who crosses while holding a cow’s tail) (gopuccha + ṇika)
Yena Carati

“One who travels using something”
- sakaṭena caratīti sākaṭiko (one who travels by cart) (sakaṭa + ṇika)
- pādehi caratīti pādiko (one who travels on foot) (pāda + ṇika)
- daṇḍena caratīti daṇḍiko (one who travels with a staff) (daṇḍa + ṇika)
- dhammena caratīti dhammiko (one who conducts oneself according to the Dhamma) (dhamma + ṇika)
Yena Vahati

“One who carries something upon a part of the body”
- sīsena vahatīti sīsiko (one who carries something on the head) (sīsa + ṇika)
- aṁsena vahatīti aṃsiko (one who carries something on the shoulder) (aṃsa + ṇika)
- khandhena vahatīti khandhiko (one who carries something on the shoulder) (khandha + ṇika)
- hatthena vahatīti hatthiko (one who carries something by hand) (hattha + ṇika)
- aṅgulena vahatīti aṅguliko (one who carries something with or upon a finger) (aṅguli + ṇika)
Taṁ Gacchati

“One who goes to something or travels somewhere”
- paradāraṃ gacchatīti pāradāriko (one who goes to the wives of others) (paradāra + ṇika)
- pathaṃ gacchatīti pathiko (one who travels on a road) (patha + ṇika)
Taṁ Adhīte

“One who studies something”: adhīte: studies (adhi √i te) (attanopada)
- vinayamadhīte venayiko (one who studies the Vinaya (student)) (vinaya + ṇika)
- vinayaṃ avecca adhīte venayiko (one who has penetrated the Vinaya with understanding and studies it repeatedly (a master))
  - avecca (nipāta): having known, perfectly, absolutely
- suttantiko (one who has studied the Suttantas (suttanta + ṇika)
- ābhidhammiko (one who has studied the Abhidhamma (abhidhamma + ṇika)
- takkiko (one who has studied logic (takka + ṇika)
- vediko (one who has studied the Vedas (veda + ṇika)
- nemittiko (one who has studied the science of signs (nimitta + ṇika)
- veyyākaraṇiko (one who has studied grammar (vyākaraṇa + ṇika)3
  - veyyākaraṇaṁ adhīte
  - vi ākaraṇā => vyākaraṇa => + e + doubling of “y” => veyyākaraṇika
  - activity vyākaraṇa + ṇika => veyākaraṇa + ṇika => veyyākaraṇa + ṇika => veyyākaraṇika
  - st, e & o are inserted after the initial consonant of the stem
    - e: when followed by y
      - veyyākaraṇiko
      - neyyāyiko
    - o: when followed by v
      - dvāre niyutto dovāriko (one appointed to the gate (dvāra + ṇika) (has been given under the sense of appointment or engagement (niyuttattha)
- neyyāyiko (one who has studied the science of reasoning (nyāya + ṇika)
  - nyāyaṁ adhīte
  - - e, doubling of “y”
Tena Kata

“Something done by means of something or by someone”
- kāyena kato kāyiko (an activity performed by the body) (kāya + ṇika)
  - kāyikaṃ kammaṃ (kāya + ṇika)
- therikā saṅgīti (a council held by the elders (thera + ṇika)
- pañcasatikā (a council held by five hundred persons (pañcasata + ṇika)
- sattasatikā (a council held by seven hundred persons (sattasata + ṇika)
Manogaṇa + suffix beginning with a vowel: “s” is inserted at the end of the base
- vacasā kataṁ vācasikaṃ kammaṃ (vaca + ṇika)
- manasā kataṁ mānasikaṃ kammaṃ (mana + ṇika)
Tamhi Sannidhāno

“Something situated in something”
- sarīre sannidhānā sārīrikā (vedanā) (bodily feeling; feeling situated in the body (sarīra + ṇika)
  - sarīre sannidhānaṁ sārīrikaṃ dukkhaṃ (bodily suffering (sarīra + ṇika)
- manasi sannidhānā mānasikā vedanā (mental feeling; feeling situated in the mind (mana + ṇika)
Tattha Niyutto

“Someone engaged in a task or appointed to a place”
- dvāre niyutto dovāriko (one appointed at the gate; a gatekeeper) (dvāra + ṇika)
- bhaṇḍāgāre niyutto bhaṇḍāgāriko (one appointed to the storehouse; a treasurer) (bhaṇḍāgāra + ṇika)
- nagare niyutto nāgariko (one appointed to a city) (nagara + ṇika)
- navakammike niyutto navakammiko (one engaged in new construction) (navakamma + ṇika)
- vanakammiko (one engaged in forest work) (vanakamma + ṇika)
- ādikammiko (one engaged in an initial undertaking) (ādikamma + ṇika)
- udare niyutto odariko (one occupied only with feeding the belly) (udara + ṇika)
- rathiko (one engaged with a chariot or chariot work) (ratha + ṇika)
- pathiko (one travelling or engaged upon a road) (patha + ṇika)
- opāyiko (engaged in, or relating to, a means or method) (upāya + ṇika)
- cetasi niyuttā cetasikā (engaged in, or connected with, the mind) (ceta + ṇika)
Tamassa Sippaṁ

“An art or skill”, “One who has made something one’s art or skill”
- vīṇā assa sippanti veṇiko (one whose art is playing the lute) (vīṇā + ṇika)
- pāṇaviko (one skilled in playing the drum called paṇava) (paṇava + ṇika)
- modiṅgiko (one skilled in playing the drum called mudiṅga) (mudiṅga + ṇika)
- vaṃsiko (one whose art is playing the flute) (vaṃsa + ṇika)
Tamassa Bhaṇḍaṁ

“Merchandise”, “One for whom something is merchandise”
- gandho assa bhaṇḍanti gandhiko (a dealer in perfumes) (gandha + ṇika)
- teliko (an oil merchant) (tela + ṇika)
- goḷiko (a jaggery merchant) (guḷa + ṇika)
- pūviko (a cake seller) (pūva + ṇika)
- paṇṇiko (a leaf seller) (paṇṇa + ṇika)
- tambūliko (a betel seller) (tambūla + ṇika)
- loṇiko (a salt merchant) (loṇa + ṇika)
Tamassa Jīvikā

“A person who makes something a livelihood”
- urabbhaṃ hantvā jīvati, urabbhamassa jīvikāti vā orabbhiko (one who lives by killing sheep, or one whose livelihood is connected with mutton) (urabbha + ṇika)
- māgaviko (one who lives by hunting deer) (maga + ṇika)
  - maga > miga
- sūkariko (one who lives by killing pigs) (sūkara + ṇika)
- sākuṇiko (one who lives by catching birds) (sakuṇa + ṇika)
- macchiko (one who lives by catching fish) (maccha + ṇika)
Tena Hataṁ

“An animal caught by something, or a person who catches with something”
- jālena hato jāliko (a fish caught with a net) (jāla + ṇika)
- jālena hanatīti jāliko (one who catches fish with a net) (jāla + ṇika)
- bāḷisiko (one who catches with a fishhook) (baḷisa + ṇika)
- vākariko (one who catches with a trap) (vākara + ṇika)
Tena Baddhaṁ

“Something bound with something”
- Suttena baddho suttiko (something bound with a thread (sutta + ṇika)
- vārattiko (nāgo) (an elephant bound with a strap (varatta + ṇika)
Tena Kītaṁ

“Something purchased by something”
- vatthena kītaṃ vatthikaṃ (bhaṇḍaṃ) (goods purchased by a cloth) (vattha + ṇika)
- kumbhikaṃ (something purchased by a pot) (kumbha + ṇika)
- sovaṇṇikaṃ (something purchased by a gold coin) (suvaṇṇa + ṇika)
- sātikaṃ (something purchased by one hundred) (sata + ṇika)
Tena Dibbati

“One who plays with something”
- akkhehi dibbatīti akkhiko (one who plays with dice (akkha + ṇika)
- sālākiko (one who plays with sticks (salāka + ṇika)
- tindukiko (one who plays with tinduka fruits (tinduka + ṇika)
- ambaphalena dibbatīti ambaphaliko (one who plays with mangoes (ambaphala + ṇika)
So Assa Āvudho

“One who has something as a weapon”
- cāpo assa āyudhoti cāpiko (one whose weapon is a bow (cāpa + ṇika)
- tomaro assa āyudhoti tomariko (one whose weapon is a javelin) (tomara + ṇika)
- muggaro assa āyudhoti muggariko (one whose weapon is a club) (muggara + ṇika)
- musalo assa āyudhoti mosaliko (one whose weapon is a pestle) (musala + ṇika)
So Assa Ābādho

“One who has a particular illness”
- vāto assa ābādhoti vātiko (one suffering from a wind disorder (vāta + ṇika)
- samhaṁ assa ābādhoti semhiko (one suffering from a phlegmatic disorder (semha + ṇika)
- pittaṁ assa ābādhoti pittiko (one suffering from a bilious disorder (pitta + ṇika)
Tattha Pasanno

“One who has confidence in something”
- Buddhe pasanno buddhiko (one who has confidence in the Buddha) (buddha + ṇika)
- Dhamme pasanno dhammiko (one who has confidence in the Dhamma) (dhamma + ṇika)
- Saṅghe psasnno saṅghiko (one who has confidence in the Saṅgha) (saṅgha + ṇika)
Tassa Santakaṁ

“Something belonging to someone”
- Buddhassa santako buddhiko (belonging to the Buddha) (buddha + ṇika)
- Dhammassa santako dhammiko (belonging to the Dhamma) (dhamma + ṇika)
- Saṅghassa santako saṅghiko
  - saṅghiko vihāro (a monastery belonging to the Saṅgha) (saṅgha + ṇika)
  - saṅghikaṃ cīvaraṃ (a robe belonging to the Saṅgha) (saṅgha + ṇika)
  - saṅghikā bhūmi (land belonging to the Saṅgha) (saṅgha + ṇika)
- Puggalassa santakaṁ puggalikaṃ (belonging to an individual) (puggala + ṇika)
Tamassa Parimāṇaṁ

“Measure and quantity”
- kumbho assa parimāṇanti kumbhikaṃ (an amount measuring one pot) (kumbha + ṇika)
- khāri assa parimāṇanti khārikaṃ (an amount measuring one khāri) (khāri + ṇika)
- doṇaṁ assa parimāṇanti doṇikaṃ (an amount measuring one doṇa) (doṇa + ṇika)
Tassa Rāsi

kumbhassa rāsi kumbhiko (a mass of pitchers)
Taṁ Arahati

“Something worthy of, or equal in value to, something”
- kumbhaṃ arahatīti kumbhiko (something worth one pot) (kumbha + ṇika)
- doṇiko (something worth one doṇa) (doṇa + ṇika)
- aṭṭhamāsiko (something worth eight māsas) (aṭṭhamāsa + ṇika)
- kahāpaṇiko (something worth one kahāpaṇa) (kahāpaṇa + ṇika)
- āsītikā gāthā (a verse worth eighty) (asīti + ṇika)
- nāvutikā (something worth ninety) (navuti + ṇika)
- sātikaṃ (something worth one hundred) (sata + ṇika)
- sahassaṁ arahatīti sāhassikaṃ (something worth one thousand) (sahassa + ṇika)
- sandiṭṭhaṃ arahatīti sandiṭṭhiko (a Dhamma worthy of being seen by oneself) (sandiṭṭha + ṇika)
- “Ehi passā”ti (imaṃ vidhiṃ) arahatīti ehipassiko (a Dhamma worthy of the invitation “Come and see”) (ehipassa + ṇika)
  - vidhiṁ: invitation, command
  - here, verb + taddhitapaccaya
  - Moggallāna-pañcikā: it is an anukaraṇanāma (imitative noun) because the expression ehi passa conveys the invitation (“Come! Look!”) (Rūpasiddhibhāsāṭīkā)
Tamassa Sīlaṁ

“Habitual practice”, “one’s habit or practice”
- paṃsukūlaṃ sīlaṃ assāti paṃsukūliko (a bhikkhu whose practice is wearing refuse rag robes (paṃsukūla + ṇika)
  - paṁsukūlaṁ: not merely a refuse-rag robe but the practice of wearing it
    - paṃsukūladhāraṇa: paṁsukūla can by itself can convey “wearing rag-robes” so here,
      - omission of dhāraṇa
        
        paṁsukūladhāraṇaṁ sīlaṁ…
      - or ṭhānūpacāra (metonymic usage based on place/thing): the practice of wearing rag-robes is called rag-robes
    - note: applies to the forms below as well
- tecīvariko (a bhikkhu whose practice is using only the three robes (ticīvara + ṇika)
  - ticīvaraṁ sīlaṁ assāti
  - ticīvaradhāraṇaṁ sīlaṁ assāti
- ekāsaniko (a bhikkhu whose practice is eating at one sitting (ekāsana + ṇika)
  - ekāsane bhojanaṁ sīlaṁ assāti ekāsaniko
- rukkhamūliko (a bhikkhu whose practice is dwelling at the root of a tree (rukkhamūla + ṇika)
  - rukkhamūlaṁ sīlaṁ assāti rukkhamūliko
  - rukkhamūle vasanaṁ sīlaṁ assāti rukkhamūliko
- āraññiko (a bhikkhu whose practice is dwelling in the forest (arañña + ṇika)
  - araññaṁ sīlaṁ assāti
  - araññe vasanaṁ sīlaṁ assāti
- sosāniko (a bhikkhu whose practice is dwelling in a charnel ground (susāna + ṇika)
  - susānaṁ sīlaṁ assāti
  - susāne vasanaṁ sīlaṁ assāti
Tattha Jāto, Tattha Vasati

“One born or dwelling in a particular place or time”
- apāye jāto āpāyiko (one born in a woeful realm) (apāya + ṇika)
- niraye jāto nerayiko (one born in hell) (niraya + ṇika)
- samudde jāto sāmuddiko maccho (a fish born in the sea) (samudda + ṇika)
- vasse jāto/ā/aṁ vassiko, vassikā, vassikaṃ pupphaṃ (a man, woman, or flower born in the rainy season) (vassa + ṇika)
- sarade jāto sāradiko (born in autumn) (sarada + ṇika)
- hemante jāto hemantiko (born in the cold season) (hemanta + ṇika)
- vasante jāto vāsantiko (born in spring) (vasanta + ṇika)
- catuddase/catuddasiyaṁ jāto cātuddasiko (born on the fourteenth lunar day) (catuddasa + ṇika)
- rājagahe jāto, rājagahe vasatīti vā rājagahiko (one born or dwelling in rājagaha (rājagaha + ṇika)
- māgadhe jāto māgadhiko (one born or dwelling in magadha (māgadha + ṇika)
- sāvatthiyaṁ jāto sāvatthiko (one born or dwelling in sāvatthī (sāvatthi + ṇika)
- kāpilavatthusmiṁ jāto kāpilavatthiko (one born or dwelling in kapilavatthu (kapilavatthu + ṇika)
- vesāliyaṁ jāto vesāliko (one born or dwelling in vesālī (vesālī + ṇika)
Tatra Vidito

“Something famous, known”
- loke vidito / pasiddho lokiko (known/famous in the world) (loka + ṇika)
Tadatthāya Saṁvattati

“Something conducive to something”
- lokāya saṃvattatīti lokiko (conducive to the world) (loka + ṇika)
- saggāya saṃvattatīti sovaggiko (merit conducive to heaven) (suvagga + ṇika)
- punabbhavāya saṃvattatīti ponobbhavikā (craving conducive to renewed existence) (punabbhava + ṇika)
Tato Āgato

“Something coming from someone”
- mātito āgataṃ mātikaṃ (nāmaṃ) (a name received from the mother) (mātu + ṇika)
- pitito āgataṃ pettikaṃ (nāmaṃ) (a name received from the father) (pitu + ṇika)
Tato Sambhūto

“Something arisen from somebody”
- mātito sambhūtaṁ/jātaṃ mattikaṃ (derived from the mother) (mātu + ṇika)
- pitito sambhūtaṁ/jātaṃ pettikaṃ (derived from the father) (pitu + ṇika)
  - sake pettike visaye: one’s own father’s domain (the 4 satipaṭṭhānas); if you stay in them, you won’t be harmed by Māra
- note: doubling and vuddhi
Tadassa Payojanaṁ

“Purpose or benefit”
- upadhiṁ assa payojanaṁ opadhikaṃ (merit having as its benefit the resultant aggregates) (upadhi + ṇika)
Tamhi Bhatti Etassa

“Devotion”
- catumahārāje bhatti etesaṁnti cātumahārājikā (the class of devas devoted to the four great kings) (catumahārāja + ṇika)
Sakattha

“Unchanged sense”: no substantial change in the meaning of the base
- asaṅkhārameva asaṅkhārikaṃ (an unprompted consciousness) (asaṅkhāra + ṇika)
- sasaṅkhārameva sasaṅkhārikaṃ (a prompted consciousness) (sasaṅkhāra + ṇika)
- nāmameva nāmikaṃ (a noun) (nāma + ṇika)
- ākyātameva ākhyātikaṃ (a verb) (ākhyāta + ṇika)
- upasaggameva opasaggikaṃ (a prefix) (upasagga + ṇika)
- nipātameva nepātikaṃ (an indeclinable particle) (nipāta + ṇika)

-ṇa

Tena Rattaṁ

“Something dyed with a color”
- kasāvena rattaṃ kāsāvaṃ (cloth dyed with a decoction of astringent bark; an ochre robe (kasāva + ṇa)
- kāsāyaṃ (cloth dyed with an astringent dye (kasāya + ṇa)
- haliddiyā rattaṁ hāliddaṃ (cloth dyed with turmeric) (haliddi + ṇa)
- kuṅkumena rattaṁ kuṅkumaṃ (cloth dyed with saffron) (kuṅkuma + ṇa)
- nīlena rattaṁ nīlaṃ (cloth dyed blue) (nīla + ṇa)
  - asantavidhi
- Notes:
  - with past participle, iti is optional with verb, iti is compulsory
Tassa Idaṁ

“This belongs to him” (idaṃ)
- Sugatassa idaṃ sogataṃ (sāsanaṃ) (the Dispensation of the Sugata; “this of the sugata” ) (sugata + ṇa)
- Kaccāyanassa idaṃ kaccāyanaṃ (vyākaraṇaṃ) (Kaccāyana’s grammar) (kaccāyana + ṇa)
- Mahiṃsassa idaṃ māhiṃsaṃ (maṃsaṃ) (buffalo meat; something belonging to a buffalo) (mahiṃsa + ṇa)
- isissa idaṁ ārisyaṃ (a Vedic statement belonging to a sage) (isi + ṇa)
  - i > ā + ri > ārisi > ārisy
  - i(>ā+ri)si(>y)
- usabhassa idaṁ āsabhaṃ (ṭhānaṃ) (the position of a bull; an excellent position) (usabha + ṇa)
  - u > ā
  - note: maybe because of its bravery
- usabhassa sā āsabhī (vācā) (noble speech resembling the voice of a bull) (usabha + ṇa + ī)
Tassa Avidūre Bhavo

“Something situated near something”
- Vidisāya avidūre bhavo vediso (gāmo) (a village situated near vidisā) (vidisā + ṇa)
- udumbarassa avidūre bhavaṁ odumbaraṃ (vimānaṃ) (a mansion situated near a fig tree) (udumbara + ṇa)
Tamhi Bhavaṁ

“Something existing in something”
- manasi bhavaṃ mānasaṃ (sukhaṃ) (happiness existing in the mind) (mana + ṇa)
- sare bhavo sāraso (sakuṇo) (a bird living in a lake) (sara + ṇa)
- urasi bhavo oraso (putto) (a son who grew upon the breast; one’s own son) (ura + ṇa)
- mitte bhavā mettā (that which exists in a friend; loving-kindness) (mitta + ṇa + ā)
  - vuddhi dispite the saṁyoga
- pure bhavā porī vācā (speech used in a city; decent speech) (pura + ṇa + ī)

Tamhi Jāto

“Born at a place or time”, “coming from, residing in, or ruling a place”
- pāvuse jāto pāvuso (megho) (a cloud arising in the rainy season) (pāvusa + ṇa)
- sarade jāto sārado (māso) (a month belonging to autumn) (sarada + ṇa)
- hemanto (something arising in, or belonging to, the cold season) (hemanta + ṇa)
- sisiro (something arising in the cool season) (sisira + ṇa)
- vasanto (something arising in spring) (vasanta + ṇa)
- gimho (something arising in summer) (gimha + ṇa)
- māthuro
  - mathurāyaṃ jāto māthuro (one born in mathurā) (mathurā + ṇa)
  - māthurāya āgato māthuro (one who has come from mathurā)
  - mathurā assa nivāso māthuro (one whose residence is mathurā)
  - mathurāya issaro māthuro (one who rules mathurā)
  - notes:
    - here, the vibhatti changes
    - St, -ka is added to taddhitas just like to ordinary nominal bases: māthurako
      - note: modern grammarians say -ka shows the taddhita acts as an adjective
- rājagaho
  - rājagahe jāto, rājagahato āgato, rājagaho assa nivāso, rājagahassa issaroti vā rājagaho, rājagahako (one born in, coming from, residing in, or ruling Rājagaha) (rājagaha + ṇa)
- sāgalo, sāgalako (Sāgala + ṇa)
- pāṭaliputto, pāṭaliputtako (Pāṭaliputta + ṇa)
- vesālo, vesālako (Vesālī + ṇa)
- kosināro, kosinārako (Kusinārā + ṇa)
- sāketo, sāketako (Sāketa + ṇa)
- kosambo, kosambako (Kosambī + ṇa)
- indapatto, indapattako (Indapatta + ṇa)
- kapillo, kapillako (Kapilla + ṇa)
- bhārukaccho, bhārukacchako (Bhārukaccha + ṇa)
- nāgaro, nāgarako (nagara + ṇa)
- jānapado (Rājagaha + ṇa)
Country names
- note: always plural in viggahas
- Aṅgesu jāto, aṅgehi āgato, aṅgā assa nivāso, aṅgānaṃ issaroti vā aṅgo, aṅgako (one born in, coming from, residing in, or ruling Aṅga (aṅga + ṇa)
- māgadho, māgadhako (magadha + ṇa)
- kosalo, kosalako (kosala + ṇa)
- gandhāro, gandhārako (gandhāra + ṇa)
- kāliṅgo (kaliṅga + ṇa)
- pañcālo (pañcāla + ṇa)
- sakko (sakka + ṇa)
- vedeho, vedehako (videha + ṇa)
- kambojo, kambojako (kamboja + ṇa)
Month associated with a constellation
- citto (the month associated with Cittā constellation; April (cittā + ṇa)
- vesākho (the month associated with Visākhā; May (visākhā + ṇa)
- jeṭṭho (the month associated with Jeṭṭhā; June (jeṭṭhā + ṇa)
- āsāḷho, āsāḷhī (the month associated with Āsāḷhā; July (āsāḷhā + ṇa)
- sāvaṇo, sāvaṇī (the month associated with Savaṇa; August (savaṇa + ṇa)
- poṭṭhapādo (the month associated with Poṭṭhapāda; September (bhadda + ṇa)
  - Poṭṭhapāda is also called Bhadda; hence Bhaddena yutto māso bhaddo
- assayujo (the month associated with Assayuja; October (assayuja + ṇa)
- Kattikāya yutto māso kattiko (the month associated with Kattikā; November
- māgasiro (the month associated with Māgasira; December (māgasira + ṇa)
- phusso (the month associated with Phussa; January (phussa + ṇa)
- māgho (the month associated with Maghā; February (maghā + ṇa)
- phagguno (the month associated with Phaggunī; March (phaggunī + ṇa)
Citto vesākha jeṭṭho cā-sāḷho dvīsu ca sāvaṇo; Poṭṭhapād’assayujā ca, māsā dvādasa kattiko. Māgasiro tathā phusso, kamena māgha phagguṇā; Kattik’assayujā māsā, pacchima pubbakattikā.

7 This occurs by transferring the plural names of the royal princes who rule the respective regions to the regions themselves; that is, through a metonymic usage based on place (ṭhānyūpacāra). Therefore, the

-a: Kosalesu janapadeti kosalā nāma janapadino rājakumārā. Tesaṃ nivāso ekopi janapado ruḷhīsaddena kosalāti vuccati. “In the expression ‘in the region of the Kosalas,’ the royal princes who rule the country are called Kosalā.

Even the single country in which they dwell is conventionally called Kosalā through an established usage.”

Sāvaṇo nikkhamanīyo, cittamāso tu rammako.8

8 Citta, Vesākha, Jeṭṭha, Āsāḷha/Āsāḷhī, Sāvaṇa, Poṭṭhapāda, Assayuja, Kattika, Māgasira, Phussa, Māgha, and Phagguna are the twelve months. Of these, the month of Kattika is also called Pacchima kattika, while the month of Assayuja is also called Pubba-kattika. The month of Sāvaṇa is also called Nikkhamanīya, and the month of Citta is also called Rammaka.

Names of the seasons

Caturo caturo māsā, kattikakāḷapakkhato; Kamā hemanta gimhāna, vassānā utuyo dvisu. Hemanto sisiramutū, cha vā vasanto ca gimha vassānā; Saradoti kamā māsā, dve dve vuttānusārena. Beginning with the dark fortnight of Kattika, the three seasons (Hemanta, Gimha, and Vassāna (consist successively of four months each. The word utu belongs to two genders. When the same annual cycle is divided into periods of two months each, there are six seasons: Hemanta, Sisira, Vasanta, Gimha, Vassāna, and Sarada, respectively.”

Months	3-season division	6-season division
Kattika–Phussa (November–January)	Hemanta	Hemanta
Phussa–Phagguna (January–March)	Hemanta	Sisira
Phagguna–Vesākha (March–May)	Gimha	Vasanta
Vesākha–Āsāḷha (May–July)	Gimha	Gimha
Āsāḷha–Poṭṭhapāda (July–September)	Vassāna	Vassāna
Poṭṭhapāda–Kattika (September–November)	Vassāna	Sarada

img(file:///c:/users/Lenovo/Documents/IIT/p/4th year/2nd semester/seasons.png)

One who takes someone as a deity (object of veneration)
- Buddho assa devatāti buddho (one who regards the Buddha as one’s deity or object of veneration (buddha + ṇa)
- māhindo (one who takes the deity Mahinda as one’s deity (mahinda + ṇa)
- yāmo (one who takes Yama as one’s deity (yama + ṇa)
- somo (one who takes Soma as one’s deity (soma + ṇa)
One who has studied a branch of learning
- Vyākaraṇaṃ avecca adhīte veyyākaraṇo (one who has thoroughly studied grammar (vyākaraṇa + ṇa)
- mohutto (one who has studied the science of auspicious times (muhutta + ṇa)
- nemitto (one who has studied the science of signs (nimitta + ṇa)
- aṅgavijjo (one who has studied physiognomy (aṅgavijjā + ṇa)
- vatthuvijjo (one who has studied architecture (vatthuvijjā + ṇa)
A country associated with a people, or a place containing something
- Vasātīnaṃ visayo deso vāsāto (the country of the Vasāti people (vasāti + ṇa)
- Udumbarā asmiṃ dese santīti odumbaro (a country containing fig trees (udumbara
- ṇa)
Something produced from something, worthy of something, or possessing a measure
- Payasā nibbattaṃ pāyāsaṃ (food prepared from milk; milk rice (paya + ṇa)
- Sahassena nibbattā sāhassī parikhā (a moat constructed at a cost of one thousand (sahassa + ṇa)
- Sahassaṃ arahatīti sāhassī gāthā (a verse worthy of receiving one thousand (sahassa + ṇa)
- Ayaso vikāro āyaso (something made of iron (aya + ṇa)
- Suvaṇṇassa vikāro sovaṇṇo (something made of gold (suvaṇṇa + ṇa)
- Puriso parimāṇaṃ assāti porisaṃ udakaṃ (water as deep as the height of a man (purisa + ṇa)

-ṇeyya

jāta-vasati-hita-arahati

Tamhi jāto vasatīti vā

“One born or living in a place”
- Bārāṇasiyaṃ jāto, vasatīti vā bārāṇaseyyako (one born or living in Bārāṇasī) (bārāṇasī + ṇeyya); final ka is added 9
- gaṅgeyyo (maccho) (a fish born in the Ganges) (gaṅgā + ṇeyya)
- silāyaṃ jātaṃ seleyyakaṃ (something produced on a rock) (silā + ṇeyya)
- koleyyako (sunakho) (a dog born in a particular family) (kula + ṇeyya)
- vāneyyaṃ (pupphaṃ) (a flower growing in a forest) (vana + ṇeyya)
- campeyyako (a person born or residing in the city of Campā (Campā + ṇeyya)
- sāgaleyyako (a person born or residing in the city of Sāgala (Sāgala + ṇeyya)
- mithileyyako (jano) (a person born or residing in the city of Mithilā (Mithilā + ṇeyya)
- pabbateyyā nadī (a river arising in a mountain (pabbata + ṇeyya)
Tassa hitaṁ

“Something beneficial to something”
- pathassa hitaṃ pātheyyaṃ (provisions beneficial for a journey (patha + ṇeyya)
- sapatissa hitaṃ sāpateyyaṃ (dhanaṃ) (property beneficial to its owner; wealth (sapati + ṇeyya)
- padīpassa hitaṁ padīpeyyaṃ telaṃ (oil suitable for a lamp (padīpa + ṇeyya)
- mātuyā hitaṁ matteyyaṃ (service beneficial to one’s mother (mātu + ṇeyya)
- pitussa hitaṁ petteyyaṃ (service beneficial to one’s father (pitu + ṇeyya)
Taṁ arahatīti

“One worthy of something”
- dakkhiṇamarahatīti dakkhiṇeyyo (one worthy of an offering (dakkhiṇā + ṇeyya) 10
  - dakkhanti vaḍḍhanti etāyāti dakkhiṇā: a gift is called dakkhiṇā because it serves as a means of spiritual growth. A person free from defilements and worthy of receiving such a gift is called dakkhiṇeyya.

-ima, -iya, & -ika

jāta-bhava-niyutta

Tamhi jāto / Tamhi bhavo

“Born or situated in a place”
- -ima
  - pacchā jāto pacchimo (one or something born or situated later) (pacchā + ima)
  - ante jāto antimo (one or something situated at the end; the last) (anta + ima)
  - majjhe jāto majjhimo (situated in the middle) (majjha + ima)
  - purā jāto purimo (situated earlier) (purā + ima)
  - upari jāto uparimo (situated above) (upari + ima)
  - heṭṭhā jāto heṭṭhimo (situated below) (heṭṭhā + ima)
  - paccante jāto paccantimo (situated in a border region) (paccanta + ima)
  - Notes:
    - Mgln: can also be bhava: pacchā bhavo pacchimo
- -iya
  - manussajātiyaṃ jāto manussajātiyo (born among the human species (manussajāti + iya)
  - loke jāto lokiyo (existing in the world) (loka + iya)
  - assajātiyaṁ jāto assajātiyo (one born into the horse species) (assajāti + iya)
  - hatthijātiyaṁ jāto hattijātiyo (one born into the elephant species) (hatthijāti + iya)
  - bodhisattajātiyo (one born into the class of Bodhisattas) (bodhisattajāti + iya)
  - dabbajātiyo (one born into a class of intelligent beings (dabbajāti + iya)
  - samānajātiyo (one born into the same class or species (samānajāti + iya)
Tamhi niyutto / Tassa ayaṁ
- Niyuttattha: “One appointed to / engaged in something”
  - ante niyutto antiyo/antimo/antiko (“appointed at the end”) (anta + iya/ima/ika)
- -kiya: (fix this section)
  - sometimes niyuttattha
  - sometimes idamattha: belonging to this or that
- jātiyaṃ niyutto jātikiyo (one connected with rebirth) (jāti + kiya)
- andhakiyo (one subject to blindness) (andha + kiya) jaccandhakiyo (one subject to blindness from birth) (jaccandha + kiya)
- idamattha: possessive
  - sassa ayaṃ sakiyo (one’s own property) (sa + kiya)
  - parassa ayaṃ parakiyo (property belonging to another) (para + kiya)
So assa atthi / So tasmiṁ vijjati

“One or something possessing something”
- putto assa atthi, putto tasmiṃ vijjatīti vā puttimo/puttiyo/puttiko (one who has a son) (putta + ima/iya/ika)
- kappo assa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti kappiyo (something possessing permissibility; allowable) (kappa + iya)
- jaṭā assa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti jaṭiyo (one who has matted hair) (jaṭā + iya)
- hānabhāgo assa atthīti hānabhāgiyo (a state possessing a factor of deterioration) (hānabhāga + iya)
- ṭhitibhāgo assa atthīti ṭhitibhāgiyo (a state possessing a factor of stability) (ṭhitibhāga + iya)
-iya
1. Tamhi bhavā
  
  Bhavattha: “Existence”
  - bodhipakkhe bhavā bodhipakkhiyā (states belonging to the side of awakening, namely path knowledge) (bodhipakkha + iya)
  - pañcavaggiyā (those belonging to the group of five) (pañcavagga + iya)
  - chabbaggiyā (those belonging to the group of six) (chabbagga + iya)
  - udariyaṃ (that which remains in the stomach; undigested food) (udara + iya)
2. Attano idanti
  
  “this belongs to”
  - attano idanti attaniyaṃ (one’s own property (atta + iya)
    - “n” is inserted
3. Tassa ṭhānaṁ
  
  “Basis (cause)”
  - madanassa ṭhānaṃ madaniyo, madaniyā, madaniyaṃ (a basis or cause of intoxication) (madana + iya)
  - bandhanassa ṭhānaṃ bandhaniyaṃ (a cause of bondage) (bandhana + iya)
  - upādānassa ṭhānaṁ upādāniyaṃ (a cause or basis for attachment) (upādāna + iya)
4. tesānaṁ hitā
  
  “Beneficial”
  - upādānānaṃ hitā upādāniyā (an object favourable to the arising of attachments) (upādāna + iya)
  - mucchanānaṁ hitaṁ mucchaniyaṃ (a cause of loss of consciousness (mucchana + iya)
  - rajaniyaṃ (a cause of attachment) (rajana + iya)
  - gamaniyaṃ (a cause of going) (gamana + iya)
  - dassanīyaṃ (a cause of seeing) (dassana + iya)
  - pasādaniyaṃ (a cause of confidence) (pasādana + iya)

-ya

Tamhi sādhu

“Good or suitable”
- kammani sādhu kammaññaṃ (suitable for work; workable) (kamma + ya)
  - “n” is inserted: kamma + ya > kamma + n + ya > kammanya > kammañña
- sabhāyaṁ sādhu sabbhaṃ (suitable for an assembly; civilized) (sabhā + ya)
Tassa hito

“Beneficial”
- medhāya hitaṃ mejjhaṃ (ghataṃ) (ghee suitable for a sacrifice) (medhā + ya)
- pādānaṃ hitaṃ pajjaṃ (telaṃ) (oil beneficial for the feet) (pāda + ya)
- rathassa hitā racchā (that which benefits a chariot; a road) (ratha + ya)
Tamhi bhavo

“Existing in something”
- gāme bhavo gammo (existing in a village; rustic) (gāma + ya)
- kavimhi bhavaṃ kabyaṃ (that which exists in a poet; poetry) (kavi + ya)
- divi bhavā dibbā (existing in the divine world; divine) (divi + ya > dibyā > dibbā)
Tato jātaṁ

“Birth”
- thanato jātaṃ thaññaṃ (that which originates from the breast; milk) (thana + ya)
Tassa saṁvattatīti

“Purpose, leading to, conducing to”
- dhanāya saṃvattatīti dhaññaṃ (that which conduces to wealth; grain) (dhana + ya)
- note: catutthī

-ṇya

If -ya with vuddhi, it is ṇya

Tamhi sādhu
- parisāyaṃ sādhu pārisajjo (one fit to be in an assembly; a retinue-brahmā) (parisā + ṇya)
  - “d” is inserted: parisā + ṇya > parisā-d-ṇya > pārisā-d-ya > pārisadya > pārisajja
Tesānaṁ hito
- samaṇānaṃ hitā sāmaññā janā (people helpful to ascetics) (samaṇa + ṇya)
- brāhmaṇānaṃ hitā brāhmaññā (people helpful to brahmins) (brāhmaṇa + ṇya)
Tamhi bhavo
- arūpe bhavā āruppā (existing in the immaterial realm) (arūpa + ṇya)

-kaṇ & -ṇa

Tesānaṁ samūho

“Collection”
- manussānaṃ samūho mānussako, mānusso (a group of people) (manussa + kaṇ/ṇa)
- rājaputtānaṃ samūho rājaputtako, rājaputto (a group of princes) (rājaputta + kaṇ/ṇa)
- māthurako, māthuro (a group of residents of mathurā) (mathurā + kaṇ/ṇa)
- purisānaṁ samūho porisako, poriso (a group of men (purisa + kaṇ/ṇa)
- vuḍḍhako, vuḍḍho (a group of elders) (vuḍḍha + kaṇ/ṇa)
- māyūrako, māyūro (a group of peacocks) (mayūra + kaṇ/ṇa)
- kāpoto (a group of pigeons) (kapota + ṇa)
- aṭṭhānaṁ samūho aṭṭhako (a group of eight persons or things) (aṭṭha + kaṇ)
- dinnaṁ samūho dvayaṃ (a pair) (dvi + ṇa)
  - i > e > aya
- tiṇṇaṁ samūho tayaṃ (a triad) (ti + ṇa)
  - ratanattayaṁ

-tā

Gāmajanabandhusahāyādīhi tā (Kcyn): added to words such as gāma, jana, bandhu, and sahāya

Tesānaṁ samūho

“Collection”
- janānaṃ samūho janatā (a collection of people (jana + tā)15
- gāmānaṃ samūho gāmatā (a group of villages) (gāma + tā)
- bandhutā (a group of relatives) (bandhu + tā)
- sahāyatā (a group of companions) (sahāya + tā)
- nāgaratā (a group of townspeople) (nāgara + tā)
- notes: except for janatā, the other forms are rarely encountered
So eva so

Sakattha: the base’s own meaning
- devoyeva devatā (a deity is itself called devatā) (deva + tā)
- notes:
  - also under bhāvataddhita
  - always feminine

-āyitatta

So viya dissatīti

Upamatthāyitattaṃ (Kcyn): in the sense of comparisons, similes
- dhūmo viya dissatīti dhūmāyitattaṃ (something appearing like smoke) (dhūma + āyitatta)
- timiraṃ viya dissatīti timirāyitattaṃ (something appearing like darkness) (timira + āyitatta)

-la

Taṁ nissitaṁ / Tassa ṭhānaṁ

Tannissitatthe lo (Kcyn): in the sense of “depending upon something”, “being a place in which something exists”
- duṭṭhu nissitaṃ, duṭṭhu ṭhānaṃ vā duṭṭhullaṃ (something associated with a bad or indecent nature, or a place in which badness exists) (duṭṭhu + la)
  - “l” is doubled
  - duṭṭhu is nipāta in dutiyāvibhatti / catutthī
- duṭṭhullā vācā (indecent speech)
- vedaṃ nissitaṃ, vedassa ṭhānaṃ vā vedallaṃ (a discourse associated with joy, or serving as a basis for joy)
  - in navaṅgasatthusāsana: question and gains a satisfying answer one gains joy
  - veda + la
  - DPD: vi + dal + ṇya

-ālu

So assa pakatīti / So assa bahuloti

Ālu tabbahule (Kcyn): added to a nominative base to denote that a quality or disposition is abundant in a person
- abhijjhā assa pakati, abhijjhā assa bahulāti vā abhijjhālu (one whose nature is covetousness, or in whom covetousness is abundant) (abhijjhā + ālu)
- sītaṃ assa pakati, sītaṃ assa bahulanti vā sītālu (one who frequently feels cold)
- dhajo assa pakati / bahuloti dhajālu (a vehicle with many banners)
- dayā assa pakati / bahulāti dayālu (one in whom compassion is abundant)
- notes:
  - if m.: declined like bhikkhu if f.: declined like yāgu if nt.: declined like cakkhu
  - with -ka as well: abhijjhāluko, sītāluko, and dayāluko
    - V-p: sītāluko

-ka

Used in the following senses:

paṭibhāga: resemblance
anukampā: affection or compassion
saññā: naming
kucchita: contempt
appaka: in the senses of smallness
sakattha: used without changing the sense

Paṭibhāgānukampāsu, saññākucchitahīḷane, khuddake ca sakatthe ko, gāmakoccevamādīsu

hīḷane: kucchita
gāmaka (an example)

Soyeva so
- paṭibhāga: resemblance
  - hatthino (pa.) iva hatthikā (those resembling elephants)
  - assā iva assakā (those resembling horses)
- anukampā: affection or compassion
  - anukampito putto puttako (a son regarded with affection or compassion)
- saññā: naming
  - morako (the bird called Moraka) (not a peacock)
- kucchita: contempt
  - kucchito samaṇo samaṇako (a contemptible ascetic) (samaṇa + ka)
  - kucchito brāhmaṇo brāhmaṇako (a contemptible brahmin)
  - kucchito muṇḍo muṇḍako (a contemptible shaven-headed person)
  - kucchito paṇḍito paṇḍitako (a contemptible person claiming to be learned)
  - kucchito veyyākaraṇo veyyākaraṇako (a contemptible grammarian)
- appaka: in the senses of smallness
  - appakaṃ telaṃ telakaṃ (a little oil)
  - khuddako gāmo gāmako (a small village)
- sakattha: used without changing the sense
  - hīnoyeva hīnako (one who is low or inferior) (hīna + ka)
  - potoyeva potako (a young animal)
  - kumāroyeva kumārako (a boy or prince)
  - māṇavoyeva māṇavako (a young man)
  - muduyeva muduko (something soft)
  - ujuyeva ujuko (something straight)
  - appamattameva appamattakaṃ (a small amount)
  - oramattameva oramattakaṃ (an inferior amount)
  - sīlamattameva sīlamattakaṃ (mere virtue)

-ttaka

“Kiññatetaṁ” parimāṇaṁ assāti

Added to kiṃ, ya, ta, and eta “Measure”, “extent”
- kiṃ parimāṇaṃ assāti kittakaṃ (how much?)
- yaṃ parimāṇaṃ assāti yattakaṃ (as much as; whatever amount)
- taṁ parimāṇaṁ assāti tattakaṃ (that much)
- etaṁ parimāṇaṁ assāti ettakaṃ (this much)
  - eta undergoes ‘e’ substitution

-vantu

“yatetaṁ” parimāṇaṁ assāti

“Measure”
- yaṃ parimāṇaṃ assāti yāvā, yāvanto (as many as; whatever extent)
- taṃ parimāṇaṃ assāti tāvā, tāvanto (that many; to that extent)
- etaṃ parimāṇaṃ assāti ettāvā, ettāvanto (this many; to this extent)
- notes:
  - e.g., yāvatā bhagavā loke, tāvatā paṭigaṇhātu, and ettāvatā ca amhehi
  - also in possessive derivatives such as guṇavantu
  - declined like guṇavantu

-maya

Tena pakato

Tappakativacane mayo (Kcyn):
- pakata (made): from a particular substance
- produced (nipphanna): from a particular substance
- arisen (nibbatta): from a particular substance
e.g.,
- suvaṇṇena pakato suvaṇṇamayo / sovaṇṇamayo (ratho) (a chariot made of gold) (suvaṇṇa + maya)
  - the three senses pakata, nipphanna, and nibbatta are included here
  - vuddhi can happen even without ṇ
- rūpiyena pakataṃ rūpiyamayaṃ (made of silver) (rūpiya + maya)
- rajatamayaṃ (made of silver) (rajata + maya)
- jatumayaṃ (made of lac) (jatu + maya)
- dārumayaṃ (made of wood) (dāru + maya)
- mattikāmayaṃ (made of clay) (mattikā + maya)
- ayasā pakataṁ ayomayaṃ (made of iron) (aya + maya)
  - aya > ayo
- gāvena/gohi nipphannaṁ gomayaṃ (cow dung, produced by a cow) (go + maya)
- iddhiyā nibbattaṃ iddhimayaṃ (produced by psychic power) (iddhi + maya)
- manato nipphannā manomayā (mind-made; arisen from the mind) (mana + maya)
  - mana > mano
Soyeva so
- dānameva dānamayaṃ (giving itself; charity)
- sīlameva sīlamayaṃ (virtue itself; virtue)

-tara, -tama, -isika, -iya, and -iṭṭha

Visese taratamisikiyiṭṭhā (Kcyn)

Visesa Taddhita: taddhita suffixes used to indicate a greater or more distinctive quality within a group greater or more distinctive than that of the others

Rūpasiddhi: considers it a separate class
most common are tara and tama

Distinctive or Comparative sense: “more than”, “the most”

sabbe ime pāpā, ayaṃ imesaṃ visesena pāpoti pāpataro (all these are wicked; this person is more wicked than they are) (pāpa + tara)
- short version:
  - visesena pāpo pāpataro (a more wicked person) (pāpa + tara)
  - visesena pāpo pāpatamo (a more wicked person) (pāpa + tama)
  - visesena pāpo pāpisiko (a more wicked person) (pāpa + isika)
  - visesena pāpo pāpiyo (a more wicked person) (pāpa + iya)
  - visesena pāpo pāpiṭṭho (a more wicked person) (pāpa + iṭṭha)
visesena garu garutaro/garutamo (more/most venerable) (garu + tara/tama)
visesena paṭu paṭutaro/paṭutamo (more/most skilled) (paṭu + tara/tama)
varataro/varatamo (more/most excellent) (vara + tara/tama)
paṇītataro/paṇītatamo (more/most refined) (paṇīta + tara/tama)

Double Suffix

Shows an exceptionally high degree of something
- pāpiṭṭhataro (even more wicked; most exceedingly wicked) (pāpa + iṭṭha > pāpiṭṭha + tara)
Special substitutions before iya and iṭṭha

With vuḍḍha, pasattha, antika, bāḷha, appa, or yuva: a special substitute replaces the original base

vuḍḍha ja

pasattha sa

antika neda

bāḷha sādha

appa kaṇ

yuva kan
- vuḍḍha + iya → jeyyo, “older”; vuḍḍha + iṭṭha → jeṭṭho (oldest, senior) 17
- pasattha (praiseworthy, excellent) takes sa: pasattha + iya → seyyo, pasattha + iṭṭha
→ seṭṭho, “better, more excellent.”18
- antika (near) takes neda: antika + iya → nediyo, “nearer.”
- bāḷha (strong, intense) takes sādha: bāḷha + iya → sādhiyo, “stronger, more intense.”
17 Ja + iya. After the preceding vowel is elided, the following vowel undergoes strengthening, and the consonant y is doubled: j + eya → j + eyya → jeyya

18 Kaccāyana states that the base pasattha may also be replaced by ja, producing the forms jeyyo and jeṭṭho in the sense of “more excellent” or “most excellent.”
- appa takes kaṇ: appa + iya/iṭṭha → kaṇiyo/kaṇiṭṭho, “smaller/smallest.”
- yuva takes kan: yuva + iya/iṭṭha → kaniyo/kaniṭṭho, “younger/youngest.”
  - technically, it becomes kaṇ and then kan
Elision of vantu, mantu, and vī

With the possessive vantu, mantu, or vī: the original suffix is elided
- guṇavantu + iya → guṇiyo (more virtuous)
- guṇavantu + iṭṭha → guṇiṭṭho (more virtuous)
- satimantu + iya → satiyo (more mindful)
- satimantu + iṭṭha → satiṭṭho (more mindful)
- medhāvī + iya → medhiyo (wiser)
- medhāvī + iṭṭha → medhiṭṭho (wiser)

Mem Aid

Mem Aid: -ṇika
- -ṇika
  - Paṭhamā
    - Tameva taṁ (sakattha)
    - So assa
      - ābādho
      - āvudho
  - Dutiyā
    - Taṁ
      - adhīte
      - arahati
      - gacchati
    - Tadatthāya saṃvattati
    - Tamassa
      - parimāṇaṃ
      - payojanaṁ
      - bhaṇḍaṃ
      - jīvikā
      - sippaṃ
      - sīlaṃ
  - Tatiyā
    - Tena
      - kataṁ
      - kītaṃ
      - carati
      - tarati
      - dibbati
      - baddhaṃ
      - vahati
      - saṃsaṭṭhaṃ
      - hataṃ
  - Pañcamī
    - Tato
      - āgato
      - sambhūto
  - Chaṭṭhī
    - Tassa
      - rāsi
      - santakaṃ
  - Sattamī
    - Tamhi
      - jāto
      - niyutto
      - pasanno
      - vasati
      - vidito
      - sannidhāno
    - Tamhi bhatti assa
- ṇa:
- ṇeyya: jāta-vasati-hita-arahati
- *ima, iya, ika, *

Translation Assignment

translate into english
write the viggaha and identify the type and sub-type of numbered compounds

29 July

Dvemāni, bhikkhave, sukhāni. Katamāni dve? (1) Gihisukhañca (2) pabbajjāsukhañca. Etadaggaṁ, bhikkhave, imesaṁ dvinnaṁ sukhānaṁ yadidaṁ pabbajjāsukhaṁ. (Aṅguttara Nikāya, Duka Nipāta)
- Monks, there are these two kinds of happiness. Which two? The happiness of a householder and the happiness of renunciation. The foremost, monks, among these two kinds of happiness is the happiness of renunciation.
- gihisukhaṁ
  - gihīnaṁ sukhaṁ gihisukhaṁ
  - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
- pabbajjāsukhaṁ
  - pabbajjāya sukhaṁ pabbajjāsukhaṁ
  - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
(3) Uttamaṅgaruhā mayhaṁ ime jātā (4) vayoharā; Pātubhūtā (5) devadūtā; (6) pabbajjāsamayo mama. (Makhādeva Jātaka)
- These that grow on the head (highest limb), which bring old age, arose to me; the celestial messengers are manifested; (this) is the time for my renunciation.
  - uttamaṅgaruhā
    - uttamaṅge rūhantīti uttamangaruhā
      - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha sattamī kitanta upapada tappurisa samāsa
    - uttamaṅgaṁ
      - uttamañca taṁ aṅgañcāti uttamaṅgaṁ
      - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
  - vayoharā
    - vayo harantīti vayoharā
    - dutiyā kitanta upapada tappurisa samāsa
  - devadūtā
    - devānaṁ dūtā devadūtā
      - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
    - devā ca sā dūtā cāti devadūtā
      - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - pabbajjāsamayo
    - pabbajjāya samayo pabbajjāsamayo
    - tadattha catutthī tappurisa samāsa

30 July

Puna caparaṁ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu (7) bhāvanārāmo hoti (8) bhāvanārato. (9) Pahāṇārāmo hoti (10) pahāṇarato.
- And what is more, monks, a monk is one who delights in meditation, one who enjoys meditation. He is one who delights in abandonment, one who enjoys abandonment.
- bhāvanārāmo
  - bhāvanāyaṁ ramatīti bhāvanārāmo
  - sattamī kitanta upapada tappurisa
- bhāvanārato
  - bhāvanāyaṁ ramatīti bhāvanārato
  - sattamī kitanta upapada tappurisa samāsa
- pahāṇārāmo
  - pahāṇasmiṁ ramatīti pahāṇarāmo
  - sattamī kitanta upapada tappurisa samāsa
- pahāṇārato
  - pahāṇasmiṁ ramatīti pahāṇarato
  - sattamī kitanta upapada tappurisa samāsa
Tāya ca pana bhāvanārāmatāya bhāvanāratiyā pahāṇārāmatāya pahāṇaratiyā neva attānukkaṁseti, no paraṁ vambheti. So hi tattha dakkho (11) analaso sampajāno paṭissato. Ayaṁ vuccati, bhikkhave, bhikkhu porāṇe aggaññe (12) ariyavaṁse ṭhitoti. (Aṅguttara Nikāya, Ariyavaṁsa Sutta)
- Moreover, because of that delight in meditation, that enjoyment in meditation, that delight in abandonment, that enjoyment in abandonment, (he) neither praises himself nor disparages others. He is skilled in that (there), not lazy, one who clearly comprehends, and mindful. This, monks, is called a monk who is established in the ancient and foremost noble lineage.
- analaso
  - natthi alaso yamhīti / yasminti analaso
  - nanipāta pubbapada chaṭṭhī / sattamī bahubbīhi samāsa
- ariyavaṁse
  - ariyānaṁ / ariyassa vaṁso ariyavaṁso
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - ariyo vaṁso ariyavaṁso
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa

31 July

Katame dhammā dukkhāya vedanāya (13) sampayuttā? Dve (14) domanassasahagatacittuppādā, (15) dukkhasahagataṁ (16) kāyaviññāṇaṁ; etthuppannaṁ dukkhaṁ vedanaṁ ṭhapetvā—ime dhammā dukkhāya vedanāya sampayuttā. (Abhidhamma Piṭaka—Dhammasaṅgaṇīpakaraṇa)
- What are the phenomena associated with painful feeling? Two “mind-arisings” associated with unpleasantness and a body-consciousness associated with pain/displeasure. Here, having put aside the arisen painful feeling, these are the phenomena associated with painful feeling.
- sampayuttā
  - samaṁ / sammā payuttā sampayuttā
  - pādipubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- domanassasahagatacittuppādā
  - domanassasahagatehi cittuppādā domanassasahagatacittuppādā
  - (tatiya tappurisa gabbha chaṭṭhī tappurisa gabbha) tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - domanassasahagataṁ
    - domanassena sahagataṁ domanassasahagataṁ
    - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - cittuppādā
    - cittānaṁ uppādā cittuppādā
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
- dukkhasahagataṁ
  - dukkhena sahagataṁ dukkhasahagataṁ
  - tatiya tappurisa samāsa
Mahāmāyādevī … (17) gandhodakena nahāyitvā cattāri satasahassāni vissajjetvā (18) mahādānaṁ datvā … (19) alaṅkatapaṭiyattaṁ (20) sirigabbhaṁ pavisitvā sirisayane nipannā … imaṁ supinaṁ addasa. (Jātaka Aṭṭhakathā)
- Mahāmāyādevi (having) bathed with scented water, (having) distributed 400 thousand, (having) given a great donation, entered the splendorous chamber decorated and adorned, laid on the splendorous bed, (and) had (saw) this dream.
- gandhodakena
  - gandhañca taṁ udakañcāti gandhodakaṁ (perfumed water)
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - gandhena udakaṁ gandhodakaṁ (water with perfume)
    - sahattha tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
- mahādānaṁ
  - mahantañca taṁ dānañcāti mahādānaṁ
  - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- alaṅkatapaṭiyattaṁ
  - alaṅkataṁ paṭiyattaṁ alaṅkatapaṭiyattaṁ
  - viseanobhayapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- sirigabbhaṁ
  - siri ca sā gabbhañcāti sirigabbhaṁ
  - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa

1 August

Katame dhammā (21) sahetukā? (22) Vicikicchāsahagataṁ uddhaccasahagataṁ mohaṁ ṭhapetvā avasesaṁ akusalaṁ, catūsu bhūmīsu kusalaṁ, kāmāvacarassa vipākato ahetuke cittuppāde ṭhapetvā catūsu bhūmīsu vipāko, kāmāvacarakiriyato ahetuke cittuppāde ṭhapetvā tīsu bhūmīsu kiriyābyākataṁ—ime dhammā sahetukā. (Abhidhamma Piṭaka—Dhammasaṅgaṇīpakaraṇa)
- What phenomena are (associated) with roots?
  - Excluding the delusion associated with restlessness and associated with skepticism, all the remaining unwholesome; wholesome in the four planes; excluding the “mind-arisings” dissociated from roots (rootless) from the resultants of the sense-sphere, resultant(s) in the four planes; excluding the “mind-arisings” dissociated from roots (rootless) from sense-sphere functional, functional-indeterminate in the three planes – these are the phenomena (associated) with roots.
- sahetukā
  - saha hetūhi ye vattantīti sahetukā
  - sahapubbapada bahubbīhi samāsa
- vicikicchāsahagataṁ
  - vicikicchāya sahagataṁ vicikicchāsahagataṁ
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
Yassa kusalā dhammā uppajjanti tassa abyākatā dhammā uppajjantīti? Arūpe kusalānaṁ (23) uppādakkhaṇe tesaṁ kusalā dhammā uppajjanti, no ca tesaṁ abyākatā dhammā uppajjanti. Pañcavokāre kusalānaṁ uppādakkhaṇe tesaṁ kusalā ca dhammā uppajjanti, abyākatā ca dhammā uppajjanti. (Abhidhamma Piṭaka—Yamakappakaraṇa)
- To whom wholesome phenomena arise, do indeterminate phenomena arise (to him)? In the immaterial (existence/realm), at the moment of the arising of wholesome(s), to them, wholesome phenomena arise, and to them, indeterminate phenomena do not arise. In the five-constituent (existence), at the moment of the arising of wholesome(s), to them, wholesome phenomena arise, and indeterminate phenomena arise.
- uppādakkhaṇe
  - uppādassa khaṇo uppādakkhaṇo
  - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa

2 August

Bodhisatto pana dhammāsanato otaranto dhammakathiko viya … dve hatthe dve pāde ca pasāretvā … kāsikavatthe (24) nikkhittamaṇiratanaṁ viya jotanto (25) mātukucchito nikkhami. (Jātaka Aṭṭhakathā)
- But The Buddha-to-be (Awakening-being), like a Dhamma-preacher coming down from the Dhamma-seat … stretched both hands and feet (two hands and two feet) … like gems and jewels laid down on a Kāsi-cloth (cloth from the country of Kāsi), exited (from) the mother’s womb shining.
- nikkhittamaṇirataṇaṁ
  - nikkhittaṁ maṇiratanaṁ
    - (samāhāra dvanda gabbha) visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - maṇiratanaṁ
    - maṇayo ca ratanāni cāti maṇiratanaṁ
    - samāhāra dvanda samāsa
- mātukucchito
  - mātukucchi
    - mātuyā kucchi mātukucchi
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
- (extra) bodhisatta
  - bodhimā ñāṇavā paññavā satto bodhisatto
  - kammadhāraya samāsa
Atha (26) ekadivasaṁ bodhisatto uyyānabhūmiṁ (27) gantukāmo sārathiṁ āmantetvā “Rathaṁ yojehī”ti āha. (Jātaka Aṭṭhakathā)
- Then, one day, the Buddha-to-be, wishing to go to park grounds, addressed the charioteer, saying (said): “Harness the chariot”.
- ekadivasaṁ
  - ekaṁ divasaṁ ekadivasaṁ
  - asamāhāra digu samāsa
- gantukāmo
  - gantuṁ kāmo gantukāmo
  - tumattha catutthī tappurisa samāsa

3 August

(28) Suranaramahito satthā (29) bhikkhusahassaparivuto (30) ākiṇṇamanussaṁ Rājagahanagaraṁ pāvisi.
- The Teacher, honoured by devas and men, accompanied by a thousand monks, entered the City of Rājagaha crowded with people.
- suranaramahito
  - suranarehi mahito suranaramahito
  - suranarā
    - surā ca narā ca suranarā
    - asamāhāra dvanda samāsa
- bhikkhusahassaparivuto
  - bhikkhusahassena parivuto
  - sahattha tatiyā tappurisa
  - bhikkhusahassaṁ
    - bhikkhavo sahassaṁ bhikkhusahassaṁ
    - visesanauttarapada kammadhāraya
(31) Ārūḷhavāṇijā mahānāvā nirupaddavena mahāsamuddaṁ taritvā (32) sattāhena (33) Jambudīpaṁsampāpuṇi.
- The great ship, embarked upon by merchants, having crossed the great ocean without any disasters, reached the Island of Jambudīpa in seven days.
- ārūḷhavāṇijā
  - ārūḷhā vāṇijā yaṁ nāvanti ārūḷhavāṇijā nāvā
  - dvipadatulyādikaraṇa tatiyā bahubbīhi samāsa
- sattāhena
  - satta ahāni sattāhaṁ
  - samāhāra digu samāsa
- Jambudīpaṁ
  - Jambuyā dīpaṁ Jambudīpaṁ
  - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa

4 August

(34) Saparivāro rājā (35) anvaḍḍhamāsaṁ (36) antopurā nikkhamitvā (37) nānātarusaṇḍamaṇḍitaṁ (38) dijagaṇakūjitaṁ uyyānaṁ gacchati.
- The king together with his retinue leaves (having left) from within the castle every half a month, (and) goes to the park decorated with various groves of trees (and) resounding with the singing of flocks of birds.
- saparivāro
  - saha parivārena yo vattatīti saparivāro
  - sahapubbapada paṭhamā bahubbīhi samāsa
- anvaḍḍhamāsaṁ
  - aḍḍhamāsaṁ aḍḍhamāsaṁ anu anvaddhamāsaṁ
  - upasaggapubbapada abyayībhāva samāsa
- antopurā
  - purassa anto antopuraṁ
  - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
- nānātarusaṇḍamaṇḍitaṁ
  - nānātarusaṇḍāhi maṇḍitaṁ nānātarusaṇḍamaṇḍitaṁ
  - (nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva gabbha) (chaṭṭhī tappurisa gabbha) tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - tarusaṇḍā
    - tarūnaṁ saṇḍā tarusaṇḍā
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - nānātarusaṇḍaṁ
    - nānā tarusaṇḍā nānātarusaṇḍaṁ
    - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
- dijagaṇakūjitaṁ
  - dijagaṇehi kūjitaṁ dijagaṇakūjitaṁ / dijagaṇā kūjanti yasminti
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - dijagaṇā
    - dijānaṁ gaṇā dijagaṇā
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - dijaṁ
    - dvīhi jātaṁ dijaṁ
    - kitanta upapada pañcamī tappurisa
(39) Sīlagandhasamo gandho kuto nāma bhavissati, yo samaṁ (40) anuvāte ca paṭivāte ca vāyati? (Visuddhimagga)
- Where could there be a scent like that of virtue, which exudes equaly with the wind and against it?
- sīlagandhasamo
  - sīlagandhena samo assāti sīlagandhasamo
    - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - sīlagando viya samo assāti sīlagandhasamo
    - upamānapubbapada bahubbīhi
  - sīlagandho
    - sīlañca taṁ gandho cāti sīlagandho
    - upamānauttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- anuvāte
  - vātassa pacchā anuvātaṁ
  - upasaggapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa

5 August

Bahavo brāhmaṇā (40) bahinagarato antonagaraṁ pavisitvā (41) yāvadatthaṁ bhuñjitvā sakasakagehāni agamiṁsu.
- Many brahmanas (, having) entered (within) the city (coming) from outside the city, ate as much as (they) needed, (and) each went to their own houses.
- bahinagarato
  - bahinaragaṁ
    - nagarassa bahi bahinagaraṁ
    - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
- yāvadatthaṁ
  - yāva/yattakaṁ attho yāvadatthaṁ
  - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
(42) Dussīlā (43) yāvajīvaṁ (44) akusalāni katvā paraṁ maraṇā niraye uppajjitvā (45) atikaṭukadukkhaṁ vindanti.
- Those with “bad morality” / without morality, having done unwholesome(s) as long as life lasts, having arisen (been reborn) in hell after death, undergo/experience extremely severe pain.
- dussīlā
  - natthi sīlaṁ imesānanti dussīlā
  - nipātapubbaka chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsma
- yāvajīvaṁ
  - yattakaṁ/yāva jīvo/jīvaṁ yāvajīvaṁ
  - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
- akusalāni
  - natthi kusalāni imesānanti akusalāni
  - nanipātapubbapada chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi
- atikaṭukadukkhaṁ (a pain that surpasses severe pain)
  - adhikaṁ kaṭukadukkhaṁ atikaṭukadukkhaṁ
  - (visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) pādipubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - kaṭukadukkhaṁ
    - kaṭukaṁ dukkhaṁ kaṭukadukkhaṁ
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa

6 August

(46) Sambuddhaparinibbānato (47) vassasataccayena Vesālīvāsino Vajjiputtakā bhikkhū sāsane abbudaṁ uppādesuṁ.
- With the elapse of a hundred years from the Final Extinction of the Self-Awakened One, Vajjians monks, dwellers of Vesālī, gave rise to a disruption/cancer in the dispensation.
- sambuddhaparinibbānato
  - sambuddhassa parinibbānaṁ sambuddhaparinibbānaṁ
  - (pādipubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - sambuddha
    - samaṁ / sammā buddho sambuddho
    - pādipubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - parinibbāna
    - ?
  - nibbāna
    - vānato nikkhantaṁ nibbānaṁ
    - amādipara tappurisa samāsa
- vassasataccayena
  - vassasatassa accayo vassasataccayo
  - (visesanauttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa gabbha) chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - vassasataṁ
    - sataṁ vassāni vassasataṁ
    - visesanauttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa
Tasmiṁ samaye satthā anupubbena āgantvā Anāthapiṇḍikena mahāseṭṭhinā kārite (48) Jetavanamahāvihāre viharati, mahājanaṁ saggamagge ca mokkhamagge ca patiṭṭhāpayamāno. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- On that occasion, the Teacher, having come stage-by-stage, dwelt in the Great Monastery of Jetavana, which was caused to be made by the great billionaire Anāthapiṇḍika.
- Jetavanamahāvihāre
  - jetavanaṁ (nāma) mahāvihāro jetavanamahāvihāro
  - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
  - mahāvihāro
    - mahanto vihāro mahāvihāro
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - jetavanaṁ
    - jetassa vanaṁ jetavanaṁ
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa

7 August

(49) Chaḷabhiññāppattā (50) pañcasatakhīṇāsavā (51) antovassaṁ Rājagahasamīpe vasantā Dhammavinayasaṅgītiṁ akaṁsu.
- Five hundred Canker-freed Ones, accomplished in the six Higher Knowledges, dwelling in the neighborhood of Rājagaha during the rainy season, made the Council of the Doctrine and Discipline.
- chaḷabhiññāppattā
  - chaḷabhiññā pattā chaḷabhiññāppattā
  - dutiyā tapppurisa samāsa
  - chaḷabhiññā
    - cha abhiññā chaḷabhiññā
    - asamāhāra digu samāsa
- pañcasatakhīṇāsavā
  - pañcasataṁ khīṇāsavā pañcasatakhīṇāsavā
  - (chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa gabbha) asamāhāra digu samāsa
  - khīṇāsavā
    - khīṇā āsavā assāti khīṇāsavā
    - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
- antovassaṁ
  - vassassa anto antovassaṁ
  - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva
Tadā Sāvatthiyaṁ (52) sattamanussakoṭiyo vasanti. Tesu ariyasāvakānaṁ dve yeva kiccāni ahesuṁ: (53) purebhattaṁ dānaṁ denti; pacchābhattaṁ (54) gandhamālādihatthā (55) vatthabhesajjapānakādiṁ gāhāpetvā dhammasavaṇatthāya gacchanti. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- At that time, seventy million people lived in Sāvatthi. For those among them who were Noble Disciples, there were only two tasks: before noon (before the meal), they would give alms; after noon (after the meal), (being those) with scents, wreaths, etc. in hand, having taken cloth, medicine, drinks, etc., would go to listen to the Dhamma.
- sattamanussakoṭiyo
  - sattakoṭiyo manussā sattamanussakoṭiyo
  - asamāhāra digu samāsa
- purebhattaṁ
  - bhattassa pure purebhattaṁ
  - nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
- gandhamālādihatthā
  - gandhamālādi hatthesu imesanti gandhamālādihatthā
  - (asamāhāra dvanda gabbha) dvipadabhinnādhikaraṇa chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - gandhamālādi
    - gandhamālāyo ādi yesanti gandhamālādi
    - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi
  - gandhamālāyo
    - gandhā ca mālāyo ca gandhamālāyo
    - asamāhāra dvanda samāsa
- vatthabhesajjapānakādiṁ
  - vatthabhesajjapānakaṁ ādi yesanti vatthabhesajjapānakādiṁ
  - vatthabhesajjapānakaṁ
    - vatthāni ca bhesajjāni ca pānakāni ca vatthabhesajjapānakaṁ
    - samāhāra dvanda samāsa

8 August

Udenassa rañño tayo pāsādā ahesuṁ: eko (56) tibhūmako, eko catubhūmako, itaro pañcabhūmako.
- There were three palaces for King Udena: one with three floors, one with four floors, and another with five floors.
- tibhūmako
  - tisso bhūmi assāti / yesūti tibhūmako
  - chaṭṭhī / sattamī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - tibhūmi
    - tisso bhūmi tibhūmiṁ
    - samāhāra digu samāsa
Tesu (57) saparivārā (58) visālakkhā nānābharaṇabhūsitā tisso deviyo vasiṁsu. Tāsu ekā Sāmāvatī nāma buddhasāvikā; ekā Māgandiyā nāma (59) micchādiṭṭhikā.
- In them, three queens with wide eyes and decorated with various adornments dwelt in them with (their) retinues. Of them, one was called Sāmāvatī, who was a disciple of the Buddha; the other (one) was called Māgandiyā, who had wrong view.
- saparivārā
  - saha parivarehi yāti sahaparivārā
  - sahapubbapada paṭhamā bahubbīhi
- visālakkhā
  - visālā akkhī tāsanti visālakkhā
  - (visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - visālakkhī
    - visālā akkhī visālakkhī
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
- micchādiṭṭhikā
  - micchādiṭṭhi tassāti micchādiṭṭhikā
  - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi
  - micchādiṭṭhi
    - micchā ditthi micchādiṭṭhi
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya

9 August

So rājā dvirattaṁ vā tirattaṁ vā ekasmiṁ pāsāde (60) nāṭakitthiparivuto sampattiṁ anubhavanto vasati, na pana dīgharattaṁ ekasmiṁ vasati.
- That king dwelt two or three nights in one palace, surrounded by dancing girls, experiencing prosperity. Moreover, he did not dwell in one for a long time.
- nāṭakitthiparivuto
  - nāṭakitthīhi parivuto nāṭakitthiparivuto
  - (visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - nāṭakitthī
    - nāṭakā itthiyo nāṭakitthī
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
Bhagavato kira bhikkhusaṅghassa ca pañcannaṁ mahānadīnaṁ (61) mahāoghasadise lābhasakkāre uppanne, (62) hatalābhasakkārā aññatitthiyā suriyuggamanakāle (63) khajjopanakasadisā hutvā … mantayiṁsu. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- I will explain: and when gain and honour like a great flood of the five great rivers arose for the monk community of the Blessed One, sectarians (those of other teachings), who had lost their gain and honour, became like fireflies when the sun rises and deliberated (what to do).
- mahāoghasadise
  - mahāoghena sadise mahāoghasadise
  - tatiya tappurisa samāsa
  - mahāogho
    - mahanto ogho mahāogho
    - visesana pubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- hatalābhasakkārā
  - hatā lābhasakkārā imesanti hatalābhasakkārā
  - (asamāhāra dvanda gabbha) chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - lābhasakkārā
    - lābhā ca sakkārā ca lābhasakkārā
    - asamāhāra dvanda samāsa
- khajjopanakasadisā
  - khajjopanakehi sadisā khajjopanakasadisā
  - tatiya tappurisa samāsa

10 August

Rājā yojanantare jaṇṇumattena odhinā (64) pañcavaṇṇāni pupphāni okirāpetvā (65) dhajapaṭākakadalīādīni ussāpetvā … pūjaṁ karonto … Gaṅgātīraṁ pāpetvā … Vesālikānaṁ sāsanaṁ pahiṇi. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- The king, having strewn flowers of five colors up to the knees in the distance of a yojana, having hoisted flags, banners, buntings, etc. … doing honour … having caused to reach / let go of the shore of the Ganges … sent the dispensation to the dwellers of Vesālī.
- pañcavaṇṇāni
  - pañcavaṇṇāni
  - pañca vaṇṇāni pañcavaṇṇāni
  - asamāhāra digu samāsa
- dhajapaṭākakadalīādīni
  - dhajapaṭakakadalī ādi yesanti dhajapaṭākakadalīādīni
  - (asamāhāra dvanda gabbha) chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - dhajapaṭākakadalī
    - dhajā ca paṭākāni ca kadalī ca dhajapaṭākakadalī
    - asamāhāra dvanda samāsa
Mahājano nagaramajjhe santhāgāraṁ sabbagandhehi upalimpetvā upari (66) suvaṇṇatārakādivicittaṁ buddhāsanaṁ paññāpetvā satthāraṁ ārocesi. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- The masses/people/population, having annointed with all scents the meeting hall in the middle of the city, having prepared the Buddha-throne/throne for the Buddha adorned with gold, shining things, etc., announced (it) to / informed the Teacher.
- suvaṇṇatārakādivicittaṁ
  - suvaṇṇatārakādīhi vicittaṁ suvaṇṇatārakādivicittaṁ
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - suvaṇṇatārakā
    - suvaṇṇāni ca tāni tārakāyo cāti suvaṇṇatārakā
    - upamānauttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - suvaṇṇatārakādi
    - suvaṇṇātārakā ādi yesaṁ suvaṇṇatārakādī
    - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa

11 August

Te suvaṇṇarajatamaṇimayā nāvāyo māpetvā suvaṇṇarajatamaṇimaye pallaṅke paññāpetvā (67) pañcavaṇṇapadumasañchannaṁ udakaṁ karitvā … attano attano nāvābhirūhanatthāya satthāraṁ yāciṁsu. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- They, having made boats made of gold, silver, and gems, prepared sofas made of gold, silver, and gems, having made the water (to be) covered with lotuses of five colors … each one requested the Teacher to embark (for the sake of embarking) on the boats.
- pañcavaṇṇapadumasañchannaṁ
  - pañcavaṇṇapadumehi sañchannaṁ pañcavaṇṇapadumasañchannaṁ
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - pañcavaṇṇā
    - pañca vaṇṇā pañcavaṇṇā
    - asamāhāra digu samāsa
  - pañcavaṇṇapadumāni
    - pañcavaṇṇā ca te padumāni cāti pañcavaṇṇapadumāni
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
Athassa paricārakapurisā (68) nānāvaṇṇāni dussāni nānappakārā ābharaṇavikatiyo (69) mālāgandhavilepanāni ca ādāya samantā parivāretvā aṭṭhaṁsu. (Jātaka Aṭṭhakathā)
- Then, men who were followers, having taken cloth of many colors, manifold adornments of many designs, and wraths, scents, and unguents, stood having surrounded (him) all around.
- nānāvaṇṇāni
  - nānā vaṇṇāni nānāvaṇṇāni
  - nipātapubbapada abyayībhāva samāsa
- mālāgandhavilepanāni
  - mālāyo ca gandhā ca vilepanāni ca mālāgandhavilepanāni
  - asamāhāra dvanda samāsa

12 August

So “Sādhu, devā”ti assabhaṇḍakaṁ gahetvā assasālaṁ gantvā (70) gandhatelappadīpesu jalantesu sumanapaṭṭavitānassa heṭṭhā ramaṇīye bhūmibhāge ṭhitaṁ Kanthakaṁ assarājānaṁ … kappesi. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- He (said) thus, “Excellent, king,”, having taken the horse-trappings, having gone to the horse stable, and while the scented oil lamps were shining, he harnessed the king of horses, Kanthaka, who was standing on a charming piece of land under a Sumana-silk canopy.
- gandhatelappadīpesu
  - gandhatelānaṁ / gandhatelehi padīpā gandhatelappadīpā
  - chaṭṭhī / tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - gandhatelaṁ
    - gandhaṁ ca taṁ telañcāti gandhatelaṁ
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
So… na cirasseva paccekasambodhiṁ abhisambujjhitvā sakala-Bārāṇasīnagare puṇṇacando viya pākaṭo (71) lābhaggayasaggappatto ahosi. (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā)
- Not long after that, having awoken to / realised the Pacceka-Self-Awakening, and became one who met with the highest gain and highest fame in the entire city of Bārāṇasī like the full moon clearly visible.
- lābhaggayasaggappatto
  - lābhaggayasaggaṁ patto lābhaggayasaggappatto
  - dutiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - lābhaggo
    - lābho aggo lābhaggo
    - visesana uttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - yasaggo
    - yaso aggo yasaggo
    - visesana uttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - lābhaggayasaggaṁ
    - lābhaggo ca yasaggo ca lābhaggayasaggaṁ
    - samāhāra dvanda samāsa

13 August

Yāvatā Bhagavā loke, tiṭṭheyya tava sāsanaṁ; Tāvatā paṭigaṇhātu, pūjā (72) lokānukampayā.
- Blessed One, as long as your dispensation remains in the world, until then, may you, out of compassion for the world / the one who has compassion for the world, accept homage.
- lokānukampayā (?)
  - loke anukampā assāti lokānukampā
  - chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi samāsa
  - loke anukampā lokānukampā
  - sattamī tappurisa samāsa
(73) Gandhatelappadittena, dīpena tamadhaṁsinā; (74) Tilokadīpaṁ Sambuddhaṁ, pūjayāmi (75) tamonudaṁ.
- I honour the Self-Awakened One, who is the lamp of the three wolds and who dispels darkness, with a lamp burning with scented oil, which dispels darkness.
- gandhatelappadittena
  - gandhatelena paditto gandhatelappaditto
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - gandhatelaṁ
    - gandhaṁ telaṁ gandhatelaṁ
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- tilokadīpaṁ
  - tilokānaṁ / tilokāya dīpo tilokadīpo
  - chaṭṭhi / catutthī tappurisa samāsa
  - tilokaṁ
    - tayo lokā tilokaṁ
    - samāhāra digu samāsa
- tamonudaṁ
  - tamo nudaṁ tamonudaṁ
  - dutiyā tappurisa samāsa

14 August

(76) Tilokamahitaṁ Sambuddhaṁ, dīpena pūjayāmahaṁ; Tena dhammena saṁsāre, cakkhu sujjhatu sabbadā.
- I honour the One celebrated by the three worlds, the Self-Awakened, with a lamp; By this truth/phenomenon/behavior, in the round of rebirths, may (my) vision always be purified.
- tilokamahitaṁ
  - tilokena / tilokasmiṁ mahitaṁ tilokamahitaṁ
  - tatiyā / sattamī tappurisa samāsa
  - tilokaṁ
    - tayo lokā tilokaṁ
    - samāhāra digu samāsa
Veneyyahadaye (77) mohatamokkhandhavinodakaṁ; Dīpenetena pūjemi, (78) paññādīpadharaṁ Jinaṁ.
- instructable heart/mind delusion
- I honour with this lamp the Victor, the Bearer of the Lamp of Wisdom, the Dispeller of the mass of darkness of delusion in the hearts of those to be taught.
- mohatamokkhandhavinodakaṁ
  - mohatamokkhandhaṁ vinodakaṁ mohatamokkhandhavinodakaṁ
  - (avadhāraṇapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) (chaṭṭhī tappurisa gabbha) dutiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - mohatamokkhandho
    - mohatamassa khandho mohatamokkhandho
    - (avadhāraṇapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - mohatamo
    - moho eva tamo mohatamo
    - avadhāraṇapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- paññādīpadharaṁ
  - paññādīpaṁ dharaṁ paññādīpadharaṁ
  - (avadhāraṇapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) dutiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - paññādīpo
    - paññā eva dīpo paññādīpo
    - avadhāraṇa pubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa

15 August

Iminā (79) puññakammena, paññavā sīlavā sadā; Bhavitvāhaṁ labhe sīghaṁ, dhammacakkhuṁ anuttaraṁ.
- By this meritorious act, having become wise and virtuous always; may I swiftly acquire the unsurpassed Eye of the Dhamma.
- puññakammena
  - puññaṁ kammaṁ puññakammaṁ
  - visesana pubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - puññameva kammaṁ puññakammaṁ
  - avadhāraṇapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
Pūjemi Buddhaṁ kusumenanena, Puññena metena labhāmi mokkhaṁ; Pupphaṁ milāyāti yathā idamme, Kāyo tathā yāti vināsabhāvaṁ.
- I honour the Awakened One with this flower; by this merit of mine, may I gain liberation; Just like this flower withers, this body of mine goes in such a way to the state of destruction.

16 August

Nivedayāmi Sambuddhaṁ, vītarāgaṁ mahāmuniṁ; Nimantayāmi Sugataṁ, lokajeṭṭhaṁ (80) narāsabhaṁ.
- I inform the Self-Awakened, the Lust-free, the Great Sage; I invite the Well-Gone, Foremost of the World, the Bull-like Man.
- narāsabhaṁ
  - naro ca so usabho cāti narāsabho
  - upamāna uttarapada kammadhāraya samāsa
Vandāmi cetiyaṁ sabbaṁ, sabbaṭṭhāne supatiṭṭhitaṁ; (81) Sārīrikadhātumahābodhiṁ, buddharūpaṁ sakalaṁ sadā.
- I pay respect to all “objects to be respected” (cittīkata), well established in all places; all Body-relics, Great Awakening Tree, (and) (all) Buddha images every day.
- sārīrikadhātumahābodhiṁ
  - sārīrikadhātuyo ca mahābodhi cāti sārīrikadhātumahābodhiṁ
  - samāhāra dvanda samāsa
  - mahābodhi
    - mahantī bodhi mahābodhi
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - sārīrikadhātu
    - sārīrikā ca tā dhātuyo cāti sārīrikadhātuyo
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya
    - sarīrassa dhātuyo sārīrikadhātuyo
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
    - sarīra > sārīrika

17 August

Yassa mūle nisinnova, (82) sabbārivijayaṁ akā; Patto sabbaññutaṁ Satthā, vande taṁ (83) bodhipādapaṁ.
- Sitting at the root of which, the Teacher indeed made victory over all enemies, the one who achieved the state of all-encompassing-knowledge; I worship that Awakening Tree.
- sabbārivijayaṁ
  - sabbārayo vijayo sabbārivijayo
  - (visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya gabbha) dutiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - sabbāri
    - sabbe arayo sabbārayo
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
- bodhipādapaṁ
  - bodhiyā pādapo bodhipādapo
  - (kitanta upapada tatiyā tappurisa gabbha) chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - pādena pivatīti pādapo
  - kitanta upapada tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
(84) Indanīlavaṇṇapatta-setakhandhabhāsuraṁ, (85) Satthunettapaṅkajāhi, pūjitagga-sātadaṁ; (86) Aggabodhināma-vāma-devarukkhasannibhaṁ, Taṁ visālabodhipādapaṁ namāmi sabbadā.
- I pay respect always to that large Awakening-tree, shining with sapphire colored leaves and white trunk, which is highly honoured, gives delight, with lotuses like the Teacher’s eyes, which is like the agreeable celestial tree called Highest Awakening.
- Indanīlavaṇṇapattasetakhandhabhāsuraṁ
  - indanīlavaṇṇapattasetakhandhena bhāsuraṁ Indanīlavaṇṇapattasetakhandhabhāsuraṁ
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - indanīlavaṇṇapattasetakhandhaṁ
    - indanīlavaṇṇapattāni ca setakhandho ca indanīlavaṇṇapattasetakhandhaṁ
    - samāhāra dvanda samāsa
  - setakhandha
    - seto khandho setakhandho
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - indanilavaṇṇapatta
    - indanīlavaṇṇāni pattāni indanilavaṇṇapattāni
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
  - indanīlavaṇṇa
    - indanīlassa vaṇṇo indanīlavaṇṇo
    - chaṭṭhi tappurisa samāsa
- satthunettapaṅkajāhi
  - satthunettehi viya paṅkajā tissāti satthunettapaṅkajā
  - chaṭṭhī tipada bahubbīhi
  - satthunettāni
    - satthuno nettāni satthunettāni
    - chaṭṭhi tappurisa samāsa
- aggabodhināmavāmadevarukkhasannibhaṁ
  - aggabodhināmavāmadevarukkhena sannibhaṁ aggabodhināmavāmadevarukkhasannibhaṁ
  - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa
  - vāmadevarukkhasannibhaṁ
    - vāmadevarukkhena sannibhaṁ vāmadevarukkhasannibhaṁ
    - tatiyā tappurisa samāsa (?)
  - devarukkho
    - devānaṁ rukkho devarukkho
    - chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa
  - aggabodhināma
    - aggabodhi nāma aggabodhināma (?)
  - aggabodhi
    - aggā bodhi aggabodhi
    - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa

18 August

Cattāro pañca ālope, abhutvā udakaṁ pive; Alaṁ phāsuvihārāya, (87) pahitattassa bhikkhuno.
- Having eaten four or five lumps, one should drink water; (this is) enough for a resolute monk to live comfortably
- pahitattassa
  - pahito attā pahitattā
  - visesanapubbapada kammadhāraya samāsa
Yathāpaccayaṁ pavattamānaṁ dhātumattamevetaṁ yadidaṁ piṇḍapāto; (88) tadupabhuñjako ca puggalo dhātumattako, (89) nissatto, (90) nijjīvo, suñño.
- occurring according to conditions, this is just mere elements, viz. alms-food; and the individual that consumes it is made up of mere elements, not a being, not a soul, empty.
- tadupabhuñjako
  - taṁ upabhuñjako tadupabhuñjako
  - dutiyā tappurisa samāsa
- nissatto
  - sattassa abhāvaṁ nissatto
  - upasaggapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa
- nijjīvo
  - jīvassa abhāvaṁ nijjīvo
  - upasaggapubbaka abyayībhāva samāsa

vuḍḍha	ja
pasattha	sa
antika	neda
bāḷha	sādha
appa	kaṇ
yuva	kan