translations

32. syādilopo pubbassekassa

• vicchāyaṃ ekassa vibhatyantassa padassa dvitte kate pubbapadassa syādilopo hoti.
  ekekaṃ, ekekāni, ekekena, ekekassa iccādi.
  In vicchā, when reduplication has been done to a word ending with a nominal case, syādilopa of the first word happens.
  māgame – ekamekaṃ, ekamekāni iccādi.
  when m is inserted - (examples)
  iti syādiloparāsi.
  • dvitta [dvi + tta]: nt. (gram) re-duplication; doubling; lit. two-ness

33. tadaminādīni

• appavidhānamuccate.
  33. tadaminādīni.
  the sutta which forms tadaminā, etc
  mahāvuttisuttamidaṃ, tadaminādīni padarūpāni iminā nipātanena **(by falling) sijjhantīti attho.**

34. sesā dīghā
35. byañjane dīgharassā

atha dīgha, rassā dīpiyante.

• Then, lengthening and shortening are shown.

34. sesā dīghā.

• **Pakkhittamidaṃ suttaṃ. Luttehi vā ādesakatehi vā vaṇṇehi sesā rassasarā kvaci dīghā honti vā. **
  • This sutta is inserted (by me; the author of Niruttidīpanī). The short vowels remaining from the elided or replaced letters are sometimes (kvaci) alternatively (vā) become long.
• Pubbalutte tāva – Tatrāyamādi bhavaṃ, tatrābhiramiccheyya, buddhānussati, saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ, anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ, dhammūpasaṃhitā, tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi, tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho iccādi.
  • Tatra ayaṃ ādi bhava – there, this is the beginning. Tatra abhiraṃ iccheyya – one should like the delight in that nirvana. Buddhānussa – recalling the quali es of the Buddha. Saddhā idha vi aṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ - In this world, faith is the greatest wealth of man. Anāgārehi ca – and with houseless wanderers, ubhāyaṃ - with both. Dhammūpasaṃhitā – connected with Dhamma. Adesayi – (he) preached, dhammavaraṃ - noble Dhamma, athūpamaṃ - which has that kind of simile. Vūpasamo – extreme calmness, tesaṃ - of those condi omed reali es, sukho – is the bliss. Tatrāyaṃ - tatra + ayaṃ tatrābhiratiṃ - tatra + abhiratiṃ buddhānussati - buddha + anussati saddhīdha = saddhā + idha cūbhayaṃ = ca + ubhayaṃ dhammūpasaṃhitā = dhamma + upasaṃhitā tathūpamaṃ = tathā + upamaṃ vūpasamo = vi + upasamo
  • First, examples for lengthening when the preceding vowel is elided are - tatrāyamādibhava… etc.
• **Paralutte – Ajitā bhagavā avoca, sumedho sujāto (not sājāto) cā , ruppa rūpaṃ, bujjha buddho, sādhū pa ssuṇitvā, kiṃsūdha vi aṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ iccādi. **
  • Ajitāti = ajita + iti cāti = ca + iti ruppatīti = ruppati + iti bujjhatīti = bujjhati + iti sādhūti = sādhu + iti kiṃsūdha = kiṃsu + idha
  • Examples for lengthening when the succeeding vowel is elided are - Ajitā… etc.

Bindulutte – Tāsāhaṃ, tesāhaṃ.

• Examples for lengthening when the nasal consonant is elided are – tāsahaṃ and tesāhaṃ.

Ādesesu – Myāyaṃdhammo, svāhaṃ , vityānubhūyate iccādi.

• Examples for lengthening when the replacements are made are – myāyaṃ dhammo … etc.
• **Yadipi imāni rūpāni byañjane uparisu ena sijjhan , lu ādesesu pana niccamiva dīghasiddhiñāpana haṃ idaṃ su aṃ pakkhi an daṭṭhabbaṃ. **

35. byañjane dīgharassā.

• Byañjane pare rassadīhānaṃ kvaci dīgha, rassā honti vā. Ta ha dīghavidhi nāma gāthāvasena vā āgamavasena vā vacanasukhavasena vā buddhisukhavasena vā hoti.
• **Ta ha gāthāvasena tāva – Madhuvā mañña bālo, khan ca sovacassatā, evaṃ gāme munī care, sakko ujū ca suhujū ca iccādi. **
  • Madhuvā maññati = madhuva + maññati khantī ca = khanti + ca munī care = muni + care ujū ca suhujū ca = uju + ca, suhuju + ca

Āgame – Uragāmiva, arahatāmiva, passatāmiva iccādi. Gāthāvasenā pi yujja .

• Uragāmiva = uraga + miva arahatāmiva + arahata + miva passatāmiva = passata + miva
• Vacanasukhañca buddhisukhañca purime sesadīghepi labbha . Ta ha vacanasukhe – Chāra aṃ māna aṃ, pakaṭṭhaṃ vacanaṃ pāvacanaṃ, pāsādo, pākāro, pāvassi megho, nagaraṃ pāvisi, pāvekkhi, pārisuddhi, pāṭipado, caturāsī sahassāni iccādi.
  • Among them, examples for vacanasukha are – chārattaṃ… etc. Chāra aṃ māna aṃ -
  • Chārattaṃ = cha + rattaṃ pāvacanaṃ = pa + vacanaṃ pāsādo = pa + sādo pākāro = pa + kāro pāvassi = pa + vassi pāvisi = pa + visi pāvekkhi = pa + vekkhi pārisuddhi = parisuddhi pāṭipado = paṭipado caturāsīti = catu + asīti
• Buddhisukhaṃ nāma padacchedañāṇasukhaṃ. Ta ha – Sā haṃ sabyañjanaṃ , sā hikā dhammadesanā, cakkhumāssa yathā andho iccādi.
  • That which is called buddhisukha is the comfort of the wisdom/understanding of disjoining the words. There, some examples are sātthaṃ… etc. Sā haṃ - together with the meaning, sabyañjanaṃ - together with correct words. Sā hikā – beneficial, dhammadesanā – dhammatalk. Cakkhumā – being one with eyes, assa – one should be, yathā andho – like a blind person. Sātthaṃ = sa + atthaṃ sātthikā = sa + atthikā cakkhumāssa = cakkhumā + assa

Bindulutte pana sārāgo, sāra o iccādīni pubbe uddhaṭāniyeva.

• Moreover, when the nasal consonant has been elided, examples such as sārāgo, and sāratto are already shown before.

Iti dīgharāsi.

• This is the collection of lengthening
• **Rassasandhimhi gāthāvasena tāva – Yiṭṭhaṃva hutaṃva loke, bhovādi nāma so ho , yathābhāvi guṇena so iccādi. **
  • In the euphonic combination of shortening, first of all, examples related to verses are – yiṭṭhaṃva… etc. Loke – in the world, yiṭṭhaṃ va – dona on made for auspicious occa on, hutaṃ va – or dona on made believing karma and its result. So – he, bhovādi nāma ho – is named “the one saying ‘bho’”. So – he, yathābhāvi – is named ‘yathābhāvī’, guṇena – by quality. Yiṭṭhaṃva hutaṃva loke = yiṭṭhaṃ vā + hutaṃ vā + loke bhovādi nāma = bhovādī + nāma yathābhāvi guṇena = yathābhāvī + guṇena
• **Āgame ya, ra, dāgamesu pubbarasso – Yathayidaṃ, tathayidaṃ, yathariva amhākaṃ bhagavā, tathariva bhikkhusaṅgho, sammadeva samācare, sammadakkhāto mayā sa sambojjhaṅgo iccādi. **
  • In insertion, shortnening of the preceding vowel happens when ‘y’, ‘r’ and ‘d’ insertions are made. Examples are yathayidaṃ… etc. Yathayidaṃ - As this. Tathayidaṃ - this like that. yathariva – just as, amhāhaṃ - our, bhagavā – blessed one. Bhikkhusaṅgho – the community of monks, tathariva – (is) just like that. Samācare – one should behave, sammadeva – only in proper way. Sa sambojjhaṅgo – mindfulness which is an element of awakening, sammadakkhāto – is well expounded, mayā – by me. Yathayidaṃ = yathā + idaṃ tathayidaṃ = tathā + idaṃ yathariva = yathā + iva tathariva = tathā + iva sammadeva = sammā + eva sammadakkhāto = sammā + akkhāto
• **Saṃyogarasso nāma bahulaṃ labbha – Akkamo, parakkamo, akkhāto, aññā, aññindriyaṃ, aññātaṃ bhagavā, aññātaṃ sugata, a haraṇaṃ, apphoṭe , alliya , acchinda , assādo, ābhassaro, pabhassaro, sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ, jhānassa lābhimhi vasimhi . **
  • The shortening which is called saṃyoga rassa (shortening because of saṃyoga) is obtained (found) frequently. Akkamo – that which is stepped on. Parakkamo – exertion; effort. Akkhāto – said. Aññā – arahanthood. Aññindriyaṃ - faculty of final knowledge. Bhagavā – O blessed one!, aññātaṃ - it was known (by me), sugata – O Buddha, aññātaṃ - it was known (by me). A haraṇaṃ - a covering; a bed-sheet. Apphoṭe – claps. Alliya – clings. Acchinda – robs. Assādo – enjoyment. Ābhassaro – radiant. Pabhassaro – very bright. Sabbaññutaññāṇāṃ - the wisdom which is the state of the Omniscient one. Amhi – I am, lābhī – an owner, jhānassa – of medita ve absorp on, amhi – I am, vasī – a master (jhānassa – of medita ve absorp on)
  • Akkamo = ā + kamo parakkamo = parā + kamo akkhāto = ā + khāto aññā = ā + ñā aññātaṃ = ā + ñātaṃ attharaṇaṃ = ā + tharaṇaṃ apphoṭeti = ā + phoṭeti alliyati = ā + liyati acchindati = ā + chindati assādo = ā + sādo ābhassaro = ābhā + saro pabhassaro = pabhā + saro sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ = sabbaññutā + ñāṇaṃ lābhimhi = lābhī + amhi vasimhi = vasī + amhi
• **Tā, topaccayesupi rasso – Kataññutā, a haññutā, dhammaññutā, kaññato, nadito, vadhuto. **
  • Shortening happens when tā and to suffixes are succeeding. Kataññutā – the state of the grateful; gra tude. A haññutā – the state of knowing the meaning. dhammaññutā – the state of knowing dhamma. Kaññato – from the girl/ virgin. Nadito – from the river. Vadhuto – from the daughter-in-law/ woman. Kataññutā = kataññū + tā atthaññutā = atthaññū + tā dhammaññutā = dhammaññū + tā kaññato = kaññā + to nadito = nadī + to vadhuto = vadhū + to

Samāse – Itthipumaṃ, itthiliṅgaṃ, itthibhāvo, sabbaññubuddho iccādi.

• Examples in compound nouns are – itthipumaṃ… etc. Itthipumaṃ - woman and man. Itthiliṅgaṃ - feminine gender. Itthibhāvo – the state of a woman. Sabbaññubuddho – omniscient Buddha. Itthipumaṃ = itthī + pumaṃ itthiliṅgaṃ = itthī + liṅgaṃ itthibhāvo = itthī + bhāvo sabbaññubuddho = sabbaññū + buddho

Iti rassarāsi.

• This is the collection of shortening.

Dīgha, rassarāsi niṭṭhito.

• Collection of lengthening and shortening ends here.

36. yuvaṇṇānameo luttā

sandhi‒8 types

5 lopasandhi

• what it is
  • sandhi that involves the elision of a vowel, consonant, vibhatti, or word

5 types

• saralopo byañjane (sb ⇒ _b): elision of a vowel when a consonant is succeeding (alābu ⇒ lābu)‒3 types
  • elision of a (ratnāni)
  • elision of u (padmāni)
    • padmāni: padumāni (lotus flowers) - padmāni ṇi pūjetvā (apadānapāḷi)
  • elision of i (cetyāni)
    • cetyāni: cetiyāni (pagodas) -…ārāmarukkhacetyāni manussā bhayatajjitā
    • khatyā: khattiyā (first t elided by saṁyogādilopo) (men of warrior caste)
    • titthyā: titthiyā (followers of other religions)
    • sneho: sineho (love)
    • kleso: kileso (defilement)
      • Klesamale (defilements which are stain) (su anipātapāḷi, 454) Kilesava hūni = klesava hūni (defilements which are the base)
    • kriyā: kiriyā (action)
  • mem aid: ratnāni ca padmāni ca cetyesu honti

2 byañjanalopa

• sarena saha byañjanalopo (bs ⇒ _): eliding a consonant together with its vowel (abhiññāya ⇒ abhiññā)‒4 types
  • elision of kha
  • elision of cā
  • elision of ya
    • paṭisaṅkhā yoniso: paṭisaṅkhāya yoniso (having considered in a suitable manner)
    • abhiññā: abhiññāya (having known by special wisdom) - So imaṃ lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedeti (pārājikapāḷi, 1)
    • pariññā: pariññāya (having known completely) - Saññaṃ pariññā vitareyya oghaṃ (suttanipāta, 400); cakkhuṃ bhikkhave abhiññā pariññā pahātabbaṃ (saḷāyatanavaggasaṃyutta, 248)
    • upādā rūpaṃ: upādāya rūpaṃ (matter that exists having associated four great elements)
  • atisayatthadīpana + lopa
    • momuho
      • 1st method: muhamuho (atisayatthadīpana) (elision of sara and its byañjana) ⇒ mumuho (u⇒o) ⇒ momuho (one who is extremely deluded)
        • Imāni dvepi momūhacittāni cittāni nāma (abhidhammatthasaṅgaha, 2)
      • extra:
        • 2nd method: moha + muha (samāsa)
        • 3rd method: reduplicating the first letter of the root ‘muh’ (dvebhāva)
    • susukho: sukhasukho (atisayatthadīpana) (elision of sara and its byañjana) ⇒ susukho (that which is extremely pleasant)
      • Susukhaṃ vata nibbānaṃ, sammāsambuddhadesitaṃ (theragāthā, 268)
  • mem aid: mukharo vākkaraṇaṁ āvikatā susukho (the very foolish rude person, having confessed the word spoken, is in peace)
• saṃyogādibyañjanalopo (kkh ⇒ kh): eliding the dissimilar first consonant of a saṃyoga (dukkho ⇒ dukho)
  • dukho: dukkho ⇒ dukho (suffering) - Appassādā dukhā kāmā (dhammapada, 186)
  • sekho: sekkho ⇒ sekho (trainee) - sikkha kho bhikkhu, tasmā sekho vuccati (tikanipāta, 232)
  • apekhā: apekkhā ⇒ apekhā (expectation)
• mem aid: according to the alphabet: byañjana + sara, byañjana + byañjana

siyādilopa

• what it is
  • the elision of the vibhattis starting with -si (original vibhattis) - it occurs in two contexts: **vicchā **(sutta 55) and **vītihāra **(sutta 56)
• what does pubbassekassa mean in this sutta according to niruttidīpaṇī and moggallāna?
  • according to niruttidīpaṇī: “of one preceding word” - including the vibhatti of the preceding word, whichever it is
  • according to Moggallāna: “of the preceding word eka” - leaving the elision of the vibhatti of other words to the yogavibhāga “syādilopo pubbassa” (without ekassa)
    • yogavibhāga: disjunction of a sutta (yoga) - using a section of a sutta to perform a grammatical act that cannot be done by the sutta in its entirety
      • √bhaj: root ･1 a (divide, distribute) 2 (associate, keep company)

vicchā

• using the same word with the same vibhatti twice in order to extend the meaning (gāme gāme - in every village)
  note: not to be confused with atisayatthadīpana (doubling of the word for emphasis - soratasorato)
  note: under sutta 55 - vicchābhikkhaññesu dve
• what is the connection between syādilopa and vicchā?
  • sometimes the vibhatti of the first word is dropped and this is a siyādilopasandhi in the context of vicchā (ekassa ekassa ⇒ eka + ekassa (siyādilopa) ⇒ ekekassa (sandhi))
    note: sometimes ‘m’ can be inserted (māgama): ekaṁ ekaṁ ⇒ ekamekaṁ
• examples
  • diṭṭhadiṭṭhā: diṭṭhā diṭṭhā (Aniyametvā diṭṭhadiṭṭhāya saddhiṃ rahassādaṃ kappessāmīti gantvā nisinnassāpi)
  • āgatāgatā: āgatā āgatā (āgatāgatānaṃ vasena āpattiyo veditabbā – paṭhamāniyatasikkhāpadaṭṭhakathā)
  • vaggavaggā: vaggā vaggā (Vaggavaggā hutvā yācanti – pārājikaṭṭhakathā)
  • daharadahare: dahare dahare (Daharadahare kumārake janapadaṃ pahiṇiṃsu – jātakaṭṭhakathā)
    • dahara: adj. young; youthful; junior 2 adj. small; short 3 masc. young boy; young man; youth
  • matamatā: matā matā (Puññāni katvā matamatā devanagareyeva nibbattiṃsu - jātakaṭṭhakathā)
  • dvayaṃdvayasamāpatti: dvaya dvaya ⇒ dvayam dvaya (māgama) (Dvayena dvayena samāpajjitabbato dvaṃdvayasamāpatti – pārājikaṭṭhakathā)

vītihāra [vi + ati + √har + *a] (sutta 56 - sabbādīnaṃ vītihāre)

• doing an action mutually; masc. stride; lit. exchange (aññamaññassa upakāraka - helping one another)
• √har: root.1 + a (carry)
• what is the connection between syādilopa and vītihāra?
  • sometimes the vibhatti of the first word is also dropped (as in vicchā) and this is a siyādilopasandhi in the context of vītihāra (aññassa aññassa ⇒ añña aññassa (siyādilopa) ⇒ aññamaññassa (māgama))
• examples
  • aññamaññassa
    • aññassa aññassa (siyādilopa) ⇒ añña aññassa (māgama) ⇒ aññamaññassa (aññamaññassa upakārakā (helping one another) / aññamaññassa denti (they give to one another) / nāññamaññassa dukkhamiccheyya (one should not wish the suffering of one another))
  • itarītarassa: itarassa itarassa (itarītarassa upakārakā (helping one another))
• note: under the sutta 32. syādilopo pubbassekassa
• **padalopo ādimajjhantesu (pada ⇒ _): **eliding a word - either in the beginning, middle or end (assayuttaratho ⇒ assaratho)

examples

• datto: devadatto (elision of the word in the beginning) ⇒ datto
• assaratho: assayuttaratho (elision of the word in the middle) ⇒ assaratho (horse-drawn carriage)
• rūpaṃ: rūpabhavaṃ (elision of the word in the end) ⇒ rūpaṁ (existence in the realm of form)
• mem aid: datto assayuttena rūpaṁ (gacchati)
• note:
  • ekadesavohāranaya: method of using only a part of a name (one of the 55 nayas)

mem aid: sara, byañjana, (saṁyogādi, bindu), siyādi, pada

• in parenthesis are the previous semester’s

note:

• all the sandhis here except siyādilopa are under sutta 33. tadaminādīni
  • taṁ iminā ⇒ tad aminā (rare case)
    tadaminā is an example for all the arrangements made by this sutta
  • mahāsutta / mahāvuttisutta: sutta which covers rare cases of elision and other grammatical functions (appavidhāna)
  • appavidhāna: rare cases
  • in kaccāyana, there are 4 mahāsuttas
    in moggallāna, only 1

extra notes:

• one pattern used in verses: - (light syllable), U (heavy syllable), O (does not matter)
  • -UUO
    -U-O
    -UUO
    -U-O
• no prefix -pi, only -api, but there is nipāta pi
• note: there are more lopa sandhis from the previous semester

6 dīghasandhi

• what it is
  • the sandhi in which the vowels a / i / u are lengthened to ā / ī / ū respectively

6 types

• after
  • a lopa: after pubba- / para-sara- or bindu-lopa, the remaining (preceding or succeeding) vowel is sometimes lengthened - e.g. buddha + anussati ⇒ buddh + anussati ⇒ buddh + ānussati ⇒ buddhānussati
    • after pubbasaralopa: **Buddhānussati ⇒ Buddha anussati ⇒ Buddh_** + anussati (elision of the preceding vowel) ⇒ Buddh + ānussati (dīgha)
      • saddhīdha: saddhā + idha ⇒ saddh_ + īdha (faith, in this world): Saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ (sagāthāvaggasaṃyutta, 216)
      • tathūpamaṃ: tathā + upamaṃ ⇒ tath_ + ūpamaṁ (which has that kind of simile): Tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayī (khuddakapāṭha, 7)
      • vūpasamo: vi + upasamo ⇒ v_ + ūpasamo (extreme calmness) - Tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho (dīgha – mahāvagga, 129)
    • after parasaralopa: kiṃsu + idha ⇒ kiṃsu + _dha ⇒ kiṃsū + _dha ⇒ kiṃsūdha - kiṃsūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ (sagāthāvaggasaṃyutta, 216))
      • sādhūti: sādhu + iti ⇒ sādhu + _ti ⇒ sādhū + _ti (well, thus) - Sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā (pācittiya, 396)
      • ajitāti: ajita + iti ⇒ ajita + _ti ⇒ ajitā + _ti (Ajita, thus) - Ajitāti bhagavā (suttanipāta, 434)
    • after bindulopa: tāsaṃ + ahaṃ ⇒ tāsa** + **a**haṃ (bindulopa) ⇒ tās + ahaṃ (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ tās + **āhaṃ (dīghasandhi) ⇒ tāsāhaṃ
  • an ādesa: e.g. myāyaṁ
    • myāyaṃ: me + ayaṃ ⇒ my + ayaṃ (ādesa: e ⇒ y) ⇒ my + āyaṃ (dīghasandhi) ⇒ myāyaṃ (adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro (vinaya mahāvagga, 5))
    • svāhaṃ: so + ahaṁ (ādesa: o ⇒ v) ⇒ sv + āhaṁ (parasaradīgha)
  • an **āgama: **uragāmiva
    • uragāmiva: uragaṃ + iva (bindulopa) ⇒ uraga_ + iva (māgama) ⇒ uraga + miva (dīgha) ⇒ uragā + miva ⇒ uragāmiva
    • arahatāmiva: arahataṃ + iva ⇒ arahata_ + iva ⇒ arahata_ + miva ⇒ arahatā + miva ⇒ arahatāmiva
    • passatāmiva: passataṃ + iva ⇒ passata_ + iva (bindulopa) ⇒ passata_ + miva (māgama) ⇒ passatā + miva (dīgha) ⇒ passatāmiva
• in gāthā: in order to be in accordance with the metre (chanda) - e.g.: munī care
  • munī care: muni + care (dīgha) ⇒ munī care - evaṃ gāme munī care
  • khantī ca: khanti + ca (dīgha) ⇒ khantī ca - khantī ca sovacassatā
  • madhuvā maññati: madhuva + maññati (dīgha) ⇒ madhuvā maññati (madhuvā maññati bālo)
  • ujū ca suhujū ca: uju + ca, suhuju + ca (dīgha)

vacanasukha (for smooth pronunciation): e.g. chārattaṁ

• chārattaṃ: cha + rattaṃ - chārattaṃ mānattaṃ
• pāvacanaṃ: pa + vacanaṃ
• buddhisukha **(for understanding easily): so that the two words which are combined can be distinguished easily - e.g.: sa + atthaṁ ⇒ sātthaṁ
  note**: usually, short vowels do not become long when they are followed by a conjuct, but the vowel **a **can do so
  • sātthaṃ: sa + atthaṃ ⇒ s_ + atthaṃ ⇒ s + ātthaṃ (meaningful)
  • sātthikā: sa + atthikā ⇒ s_ + atthikā (with benefit; beneficial)
  • svākkhāto: su + akkhāto (ādesa: u ⇒ v) ⇒ sv + akkhāto (dīgha) = sv + ākkhāto

note:

• 34. sesā dīghā - covers the first two (after a lopa and an ādesa)
• 35. byañjane dīgharassā - covers the remaining
• mem aid: “tāsāhaṁ buddhānussati sādhū”ti‒myāyaṁ svākkhātaṁ pāvacanaṁ arahantāmiva madhuvā
  (“among them, I, the recollection of the Buddha, am good”‒to me, this is a well preached noble teaching like an arahant, like honey)

6 rassasandhi

• what it is
  • the sandhi in which the vowels ā / ī / ū are shortened to a / i / u respectively

6 types (5 + a rare one) (with an example)

• in gāthā **(yaṃ kañci yiṭṭhaṃ va** hutaṃ va loke)
  • puggala dhammadasā: puggalā dhammadasā (aṭṭha ca puggala dhammadasā te (vimānavatthu, 76))
    • dodhaka verse: U- -, U- -, U- - , UU
    • not samāsa because the second word is an adjective to the first word, but it could be considered so
  • va sāvake: vā sāvake (pūjārahe pūjayato, buddhe yadi va sāvake (dhammapada))
    • all verses with 8 syllables are called vatta
• before a vowel (rare) (bhummāni vā yāni va antalikkhe)) (this is yogavibhāga / suttavibhāga)
• before a saṃyoga (taṇhakkhayo)
  • sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ: sabbaññutā + ñāṇaṃ ⇒ sabbaññutā + ññāṇaṃ (reduplication of ‘ñ’) ⇒ sabbaññuta + ññāṇaṃ (shortening of ‘ā’)
  • taṇhakkhayo: taṇhā + khayo
  • akkhāto: ā + khāto
  • assādo: ā + sādo
• in the middle of a samāsa (sabbaññubuddhena)
  • itthiliṅgaṃ: itthī + liṅgaṃ
  • itthibhāvo: itthī + bhāvo
  • sabbaññubuddho: sabbaññū + buddho
  • māladhārī: mālā + dhārī (alaṅkato maṭṭhakuṇḍalī māladhārī - jātakapāḷi 1, 217)
• -tā and -to suffixes **(kataññu**tāya)
  • kataññutā: kataññū + tā
  • kaññato: kaññā + to
• an āgama (sammadakkhāto)
  • sammadakkhāto: sammā akkhāto
  • yathayidaṃ: yathā + idaṃ ⇒ yathā + yidaṃ (insertion of ‘y’) ⇒ yatha + yidaṃ (shortening of ‘a’)

mem aid:

• yaṃ kañci yiṭṭhaṃ va hutaṃ va loke va antalikkhe taṇhakkhayo sabbaññubuddhena sabbaññutāya sammadakkhāto
  (whatever treasures are there in the world or in the sky, the extinguishment of craving was properly preached by the ssb with omniscience)

extra notes:

• yogavibhāga / suttavibhāga: applying only a part of a sutta - e.g.: shortening when a vowel is succeeding cannot be done by the sutta “byañjane dīgharassa” since it only allows to shorten when followed by a consonant. Therefore, Payogasiddhi (for moggallāna) instructs to use yogavibhāga “dīgharassā” of this sutta to in such places
• yoga / sutta: grammar rules
• **rūpasiddhi **is for kaccāyana, **payogasiddhi **for moggallāna

5 vuddhisandhi

• what it is
  • the euphonic combination that involves the strengthening of the i-/ u-vaṇṇa into e / o respectively, which normally occurs after a pubba- or para-saralopa, but also, as an exception, without any lopa

4 (+1) types (with an example)

exception: without the elision of any vowel (paccorasmiṁ)

• paccorasmiṁ: pati + urasmiṁ ⇒ pacc + urasmiṁ ⇒ pacc + orasmiṁ (in the middle of the chest?)

i-v ⇒ e

• after pubbasaralopa (upekkhassa)
  • upekkhā ⇒ upa + ikkhā (equanimity)
  • apekkhā ⇒ apa + ikkhā (expectation)
  • veti ⇒ vi + iti (wanes, disappears)
  • apeti ⇒ apa + iti (√i)
  • apeto ⇒ apa + ito
  • upeti ⇒ upa + iti
  • upeto ⇒ upa + ito (approaches, endowed with)
  • jineritaṁ ⇒ jina + īritaṁ (uttered by the Victor)
  • vāteritāni ⇒ vāta + īritāni (moved by the wind)
• after **parasaralopa **(janesabhassa)

u-v ⇒ o

• after pubbasaralopa (nopeti)
  • gaṅgodakaṁ ⇒ gaṅgā + udakaṁ
  • vodakaṁ ⇒ vi + udakaṁ (free from water)
    - payogasiddhi: according to rūpasiddhi, this vuddhi only happens when the preceding avaṇṇa is elided, but examples like this show that this can happen after other elisions as well
  • nopeti ⇒ na + upeti (does not approach)
  • yathodake ⇒ yathā + udake (as in the water)
    pubbeva sannivāsena (having lived together in the past), paccuppannahitena vā (one has done something for the other’s welfare)
    evaṁ taṁ jāyate pemaṁ (that love appears), uppalaṁva yathodake (like a lotus on water) (jātaka 1, 66)
  • udakomi ⇒ udaka + ūmi (a wave of water)
    note: the vuddhi of the pubbasara is rare
• after **parasaralopa **(sotthī)
  • sotthi: su + atthi ⇒ su + _tthi ⇒ so + tthi (that which has good benefit, prosperity, well-being)
  • sotthī: su + itthī ⇒ su + _tthī ⇒ so + tthī (good woman)

mem aid:

• vuddhisandhimhi: paccorasmiṁ upekkhassa janesabhassa nopeti sotthī
  (a good woman does not approach the middle of the chest of the neutral one who has the most people)
• why is a ⇒ ā not included here?: it is not under vuddhi because it is included in dīgha

4 ādesasandhi

• what it is
  • the euphonic combination that involved the substitution of either a vowel, a consonant, a combination, or of niggahīta

4 types

sarādesa - 7 types (more on previous semester)

• i-v **+ s ⇒ y** + s (ityapi)
  u-v **+ s ⇒ v** + s (svākkhāto)**
  (37. yavā sare**)
  • when a vowel is succeeding, i-vaṇṇa ⇒ y, and u-vaṇṇa ⇒ v
  • i-v + s ⇒ y + s
    note: this ādesa is usually followed by other replacements such as ty ⇒ cc (under byañjanādesa)
    • vutyassa ⇒ vutti + assa ⇒ vutt y + assa (ādesa) ⇒ vutyassa (saṃyogādilopa) - Paṭisanthāravutyassa, ācārakusalo siyā (dhammapada) - A monk should be hospitable by habit, and skilled in his conduct
    • paṇḍitātyattha ⇒ paṇḍitāti + attha
    • senāpatītyāhaṃ ⇒ senāpatīti + ahaṃ (I, as the general)
    • ityeke ⇒ iti + eke (thus, some people)
    • ityattha ⇒ iti + attha (thus, here)
    • ityapi ⇒ iti + api (thus also)
  • u-v + s ⇒ v + s
    • svākkhāto ⇒ su + akkhāto ⇒ sv akkhāto ⇒ sv ākkhato (dīgha for buddhisukha) (well said) -svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo (dīgha mahāvagga, 80)
    • anveti ⇒ anu + eti ⇒ an v + eti (ādesa) - Tato naṃ sukhamanveti, chāyāva anapāyinī (dmp, 1)
    • anvaddhamāsaṃ ⇒ anu + addhamāsaṃ - Yo pana bhikkhu anvaddhamāsaṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne evaṃ vadeyya
    • pātvākāsi ⇒ pātu + akāsi (manifested) - **Atha kho bhagavā aññatarasmiṃ padese sitaṃ pātvākāsi **- Then, the Blessed one manifested a smile in a certain place
    • svāgataṃ ⇒ su + āgataṃ (welcome) - svāgataṃ nāpagataṃ, nayidaṃ dummantitaṃ mama (majjhimapaṇṇāsa, 308) - My coming to the Buddha was good, and it was not fruitful. The though I had to come to ordain as a monk was not a bad thought; it was of course a good decision - Svāgataṃ te mahārāja (petavatthu, 203) O great king, your coming is a good coming; Welcome!
    • bahvābādho ⇒ bahu + ābādho (one with a lot of sickness)
    • madhvāsavo ⇒ madhu + āsavo (wine from the madhu; grapes / Bassia Latifolia)
• st:
  e **+ a ⇒ y** + a (myāyaṁ)
  o **+ s ⇒ **v + s (kvattho) (38. eonaṁ)
  • when a vowel is succeeding, sometimes e / o ⇒ y **/ v** respectively (y only with a, e.g.: me, te, ke, ye…)
  • e + a ⇒ y + a
    • myāyaṃ ⇒ me + ayaṃ ⇒ my + ayaṃ (ādesa) ⇒ my + āyaṃ (dīgha) - Adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro, duddaso. (vinaya mahāvagga, 5)
    • tyassa ⇒ te + assa
    • tyāhaṃ ⇒ te + ahaṃ (them, I) (with vuddhi)
    • pabbatyāhaṃ ⇒ pabbate + ahaṃ (I, in the mountain)
    • kyassa ⇒ ke + assa (who, to him)
  • o + s ⇒ v + s
    • kvattho ⇒ ko + attho ⇒ k v + attho (ādesa) (what is the use)
    • yāvatakvassa ⇒ yāvatako + assa (how much is his)
    • tāvatakvassa ⇒ tāvatako + assa (that much is his) - yāvatakvassa kāyo, tāvatakvassa byāmo. (pāthikavagga, 118) - however much that great man’s body is, that much is that great man’s fathom
    • yatvādhikaraṇaṃ ⇒ yato + adhikaraṇaṃ ⇒ yatv + adhikaraṇaṁ ⇒ yatv + ādhikaraṇaṁ (vuddhi of parasara) (due to which cause)
    • yvāhaṃ ⇒ yo + ahaṃ (vuddhi of parasara) (which I)
    • svāhaṃ ⇒ so + ahaṃ (vuddhi of parasara) (that I)
• i-v **(padante) + s ⇒ iy** + s (tiyaddhaṁ)
  u-v **(padante) + s ⇒ **uv + s (bhuvādigaṇo)
  (39.yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅuvaṅ)
  note: they could also be formed by adding y / v (under āgama)
  • when at the end of a word and when a vowel is succeeding, i-/u-vaṇṇa ⇒ iy / uv respectively
  • i-v **(at the end of a word) + s ⇒ iy **+ s
    • tiyaddhaṃ ⇒ ti + addhaṃ ⇒ t iy + addhaṃ (i ⇒ iy) (three aspects of time)
      • bhagavā tiyaddhaṃ paṭiccasamuppādaṃ sabbākārato jānāti (pārājikaṭṭhakathā 1, 86) The Blessed One knows the dependent origination which has three times.
      • (Mama acchariyaṃ disvā, sopi buddho viyākari, imamhi bhaddake kappe, ayaṃ buddho bhavissati (buddhavaṃsa, 376) - Having seen my wonder, that Buddha (Kassapa Buddha) also declared, saying “this man will become Buddha in this great eon”.
    • viyākari ⇒ vi + ākari (declared)
    • viyatto ⇒ vi + atto (learned; skillful; wise = byatta)
    • pañcamiyatthe ⇒ pañcamī + atthe (in the meaning of ablative case)
  • u-v (at the end of a word) + s ⇒ uv + s (they could also be vāgama)
    • duvaṅgikaṃ ⇒ du + aṅgikaṃ ⇒ duv + aṅgikaṃ (u ⇒ uv) (that which has two factors) duvaṅgikaṃ jhānaṃ hoti (dhammasaṅgaṇī, 45) There is a jhāna with two factors
    • bhikkhuvāsane ⇒ bhikkhu + āsane (in the seat of the monk)
    • bhuvādigaṇo ⇒ bhū + ādigaṇo (group of roots such as bhū)
• st: iti **+ eva ⇒ itveva (i ⇒ v)
  (40. vitisseve vā)**
  • when eva is succeeding, sometimes ending i of iti ⇒ **v **
  • exceptions:
    • vilapatveva ⇒ vilapati + eva (it only laments)
    • anusetveva ⇒ anuseti + eva (it lies dorment indeed) - anusetvevassa vicikicchānusayo (majjhimapaṇṇāsa, 96) - His dorment doubt lies dorment indeed.
• rare:** e + m/d āgama ⇒ a** + m/d āgama (yācakamāgate) st:** o ⇒ a (esa bhagavato) (41. eonamavaṇṇe**)
  • rare: e **+ m/d āgama ⇒ a** + m/d āgama
    • yācakamāgate ⇒ yācake + āgate ⇒ yācake + māgate (māgama) ⇒ yācaka + māgate (e ⇒ a) (beggars who have come) - na ve dessanti sappaññā, disvā yācakamāgate (jātaka 1, 162) - After seeing the beggers who have come, the wise ones do not hate them, indeed.
    • paṇḍitamāgate ⇒ paṇḍite + āgate ⇒ paṇḍite + māgate ⇒ paṇḍit**a **māgate (the wise ones who have come)
  • st: o ⇒ a
    • esa bhagavato ⇒ eso + bhagavato (this is the blessed one’s…)
    • sa sīlavā ⇒ so + sīlavā (he is virtuous) sa sīlavā paññavā dhammiko siyā (dhammapada, 25)
    • sa ve ⇒ so + ve - sa ve kāsāvamarahati (dhammapada, 14)
    • esa nayo ⇒ eso + nayo (this method)
    • esa maggo ⇒ eso + maggo (this path)
    • esa devamanussānaṃ ⇒ eso + devamanussānaṃ (this is, of deities and humans)
    • aggamakkhāyati ⇒ aggo + akkhāyati ⇒ aggo + makkhāyati (said as greatest) - yāvatā bhikkhave dhammā saṅkhatā vā asaṅkhatā vā virāgo tesaṃ aggamakkhāyati (catukkanipāta, 343) - Monks! As far as the conditioned or unconditioned things are, among all of them, virāga (nibbāna) is called as the greatest
    • normally a s/b is succeeding, but not always
      Thambhasadiso hi esa. (dhmsgnat, 151)
      This (phassa cetasika) is like a pillar.
• go + s ⇒ gav + s (gaveḷakaṁ) go + b ⇒ gava + b (sagavacaṇḍo)
  (42. gossāvaṅ)
  • when a sara is succeeding, o of go ⇒ av
    when a byañana is succeeding, o of go ⇒ ava
  • go + s > gav + s
    • gavāssaṃ ⇒ **go + assaṃ ⇒ gav** + assaṃ (o + s ⇒ av + s) ⇒ gav + āssaṃ (dīgha due to an ādesa) ⇒ gavāssaṃ (ox and horse) - khettaṃ vatthuṃ hiraññaṃ vā, gavāssaṃ dāsaporisaṃ (suttanipāta, 399) - fields, plots of land, gold, oxen, horses, slaves, or men.
    • gaveḷakaṃ ⇒ go + eḷakaṃ (oxen and goats)
  • go + b ⇒ gava + b
    • sagavacaṇḍo ⇒ sago + caṇḍo (the ox that is violent towards one’s own oxen) - sagavacaṇḍo no paragavacaṇḍo (catukkanipāta, 423) - there is an ox which is violent towards the oxen in one’s own group, but not towards oxen of other groups.

appavidhāna (uncommon replacements - all done by the mahāsutta)

• u ⇒ i (mātito)
  • mātito ⇒ mātuto (from mother) - aññātikā nāma mātito vā pitito vā yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā asambaddhā. (pārājikapāḷi, 307) - One who is called aññātikā (bhikkhuṇī) is the one who is not connected until seventh pair of grandparents from mother’s side or father’s side.
• a ⇒ u (puthujjano)
  • puthujjano ⇒ putha + jano ⇒ puthu + jano (person who is separate from the noble beings) - here, ‘putha’ is considered as the first word and puthu is also mentioned, but in Pāḷi and comm ‘puthu’ is often seen
• e ⇒ i (only in gāthā) (hemantagimhisu)
  • hemantagimhisu ⇒ hemantagimhesu (in winter and summer) - idha vassaṃ vasissāmi, idha hemantagimhisu (dhammapada, 54) - I will dwell here during the rainy season, winter and summer as well
• a-v ⇒ o (disodisaṁ)
  • saradosataṃ ⇒ sarada + sataṃ (a hundred autumns [years])
  • disodisaṃ ⇒ disā + disaṃ (various directions, from one direction to another) - itthiṃ vāhanaṃ katvā, anuyanti disodisaṃ (pāthikavagga, 162) - They go various directions, having made a woman their vehicle.
  • parosataṃ ⇒ parasataṃ (more than a hundred)
  • parosahassaṃ ⇒ parasahassaṃ (more than a thousand) - parosahassaṃ kho panassa puttā bhavanti (sīlakkhandha, 83) - there are more than a thounsand sons of a universal monarch.
  • aññoññaṃ ⇒ añña + aññaṃ ⇒ añño + aññaṃ (one another) - ubho nissāya gacchanti, manussā nāvā ca aṇṇave; evaṃ nāmañca rūpañca, ubho aññoññanissitā (visuddhimagga 2, 232) - men and ships go in the ocean depending one one another. Likewise, non material and material realties exist depending on one another - aññamaññaṃ is formed when m is inserted instead of the o replacement
  • ponobbhavikā / ponobhavikā (2 options) ⇒
    option 1: puna (nip) + bhava ⇒ punabbhava + ṇika ⇒ ponabbhavikā (a ⇒ o) ⇒ (optionally b is elided)
    option 2: puno (nip) + bhava ⇒ punobbhava + ṇika ⇒ ponobbhavika
    - yāyaṃ taṇhā ponobbhavikā / ponobhavikā nandirāgasahagatā tatratatrābhinandinī (dhammacakkappavattanasutta) - whatever this craving, that makes rebirth, and that goes together with lust and delight, and finds pleasure in this and that
• u ⇒ **o **(sotatto)
  • jambonadaṃ ⇒ jambunadaṃ (a sort of gold coming from jambu river)
  • sotatto ⇒ sutatto (very heated)
• i ⇒ a (sakadāgāmī)
  • tadamināpi ⇒ taṃ + iminā + api ⇒ tad + imināpi (ṁ ⇒ d) ⇒ tad + amināpi (i ⇒ a) (that / by this) - tadamināpi jānātha, yathāmedaṃ nidassanaṃ (vasalasutta, suttanipāta, 299) - Know that, by this as well, as this example of mine.
  • sakadāgāmī ⇒ sakiṃ + āgāmī ⇒ sakid āgāmī (ṁ ⇒ d) ⇒ sakadāgāmī (i ⇒ a) (one who comes once)
• o ⇒ u (manuñño)
  • manuññaṃ ⇒ manoññaṃ (pleasant)
• **mem aid: **
  • sarādesasandhimhi: mātito puthujjano hemantagimhisu disodisaṁ sotatto; sakadāgāmī manuñño
    (from the mother, the worldly person, in the winter and summer, from one direction to another, is very hot [with defilements]; the once-returner is pleasant)
• other mnemonics:
  • mem aid 1:
    • a>u (ouch)
    • a-v>o (granpa)
    • i>v/a (likes)
    • i-v>y/iy (ivy)
    • u>i/o (io)
    • u-v>uv/v (uva - grape)
    • e>i/y/a-v (hey ya)
    • o>u/a-v/v/av/ava (oh avavava)
    • ouch! grandpa likes ivy, the italian I, grapes - hey ya, oh avavava!
  • mem aid 2:
    • yavā sare
      • iv/uv + s ⇒ y / v
    • eonaṁ
      • e+a / o+s ⇒ y / v
    • yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅuvaṅ
      • i-v/u-v ⇒ iy / uv
    • vitisseve vā
      • iti eva ⇒ itveva
    • eonam avaṇṇe
      • e / o ⇒ a-v
    • gossāvaṅ
      • go + b ⇒ gava + b
      • go + s ⇒ gav + s
    • appavidhānaṁ
  • in the order of vowels:
    • a>u (ap)
    • av>o (ap)
    • i>v/a (ap)
    • iv>y/iy
    • u>i (ap) /o (ap)
    • uv>uv/v
    • e>i (ap)/y/a
    • o>u (ap)/a/v/av/ava
  • symbols:
    • s: sara
    • b: byañjana
    • st: sometimes
    • ⇒: becomes / comes from

byañjanādesa - 5 types

• st: v.a. (-ta-v) / l / s + y ⇒ v.a. (-ta-v) / l / s + v.a. (-ta-v) / l / s
  (nepakko)
  43. vaggalasehi te
  • sometimes y, when preceded by a vaggakkhara (exc. tavagga, because it becomes cavagga [next sutta]) or l or s, may be substituted by that same letter (ky ⇒ kk)‒if aspirate, it becomes inaspirate (khy ⇒ khkh ⇒ kkh)
    note: ṭavagga is rare
  • khya ⇒ khkha ⇒ kkha
    jya ⇒ jja
    gya ⇒ gga
    pya ⇒ ppa
    ghya ⇒ ghgha ⇒ ggha
    bya ⇒ bba
    cya ⇒ cca
    mya ⇒ mma
  • kavagga
    • nepakka: nepakya (maturity; prudence; wisdom)
    • sobhagga: sobhagya (splendour; beauty)
  • cavagga
    • paccate: pacyate (is cooked)
    • vuccate: vucyate (is said)
    • vāṇijja: vāṇijya (trade)
  • (tavagga becomes cavagga [next sutta])
  • (ṭavagga is rare)
  • pavagga
    • vappate: vapyate (is sown)
    • gamma: gamya (grāmya)
  • l and s
    • lya ⇒ lla
      sya ⇒ ssa
    • ly ⇒ ll
      • kosalla: kosalya (y⇒l) (skillfulness; cleverness)
      • vipallāsa: viparyāsa (r⇒l [vyañjanādesa]) ⇒ vipalyāsa (saññāvipallāsādi vipallāsa; viparyāsa)
      • pallaṅka: paryaṅka (r⇒l [vyañjanādesa]) ⇒ palyaṅka (paryaṃkaya)
    • sy ⇒ ss
      • rahassa: rahasya (a secret)
      • nassati: nasyati (perishes, root nas + divādi ya suffix)

44. tavaggavaraṇānaṃ ye cavaggabayañā

• ta-v + y ⇒ ca-v + y
  • usually, ta-vagga, when followed by ‘y’, becomes ca-vagga (ty ⇒ cy)
    then occurs the assimilation of the previous sutta (vaggalasehi te: cy ⇒ cc)
  • ty ⇒ cy (⇒ cc)
    thy = chy (⇒ chch ⇒ cch)
    dy = jy (⇒ jj)
    dhy = jhy (⇒ jhjh ⇒ jjh)
    ny = ñy (⇒ ññ)
  • paṇḍicca: paṇḍitya (t⇒c) ⇒ paṇḍicya (y⇒c) (wisdom)
  • taccha: tathya (ta-v ⇒ ca-v) ⇒ tachya (vaggalasehi te) ⇒ tachcha (1st dhanita ⇒ sithila) (truth)
  • najjā: nadyā ⇒ najyā (of the river)
  • ajjhokāso: adhyokāso ⇒ ajhyokāso ⇒ ajhjhokāso (the open air; empty space)
  • thañña: thanya ⇒ thañya (breast-milk)
• v / r / ṇ + ya ⇒ b / y / ñ + ya, respectively
  • v **+ ya ⇒ b**ya
    • pathabyā ⇒ pathavyā (of earth - here, y is not assimilated)
      dibba ⇒ divya ⇒ dibya (divine)
      byākato ⇒ vyākato (declared)
      byatto ⇒ vyatto (skilled)
      byañjanaṃ ⇒ vyañjanaṃ (consonant, curry)
    • byatto ⇒ vyatto (skilled)
    • byañjanaṃ ⇒ vyañjanaṃ (consonant, curry)
  • r **+ ya ⇒ **yya
    • ayyo ⇒ aryo (ariyo) (noble person, master, lord)
    • kayyate ⇒ karyate (is done)
  • ṇ + ya ⇒ ñya
    • sāmañña: samaṇa + ṇya ⇒ sāmaṇ ya ⇒ sāmañya (y ⇒ ñ) (the state of a monk, monkhood)
• st: t / th / n / r ⇒ ṭ / ṭh / ṇ / l, respectively
  52. tathanarānaṃ ṭaṭhaṇalā
  • sometimes tathanara become ṭaṭhaṇala, respectively
  • t ⇒ ṭ
    • dukkaṭaṃ: dukkataṃ (that which is badly done)
    • paṭicchanno: paticchanno (covered, hidden)
    • paṭihaññati: patihaññati (is struck, is hit)
  • (t)th **⇒ (ṭ)ṭh**
    • aṭṭhakathā: atthakathā (commentary)
    • pīḷanaṭṭho: pīḷanattho (the meaning which is the state of suffering)
    • aṭṭhiṃ katvā: atthiṃ katvā (having made it useful; having considered it as beneficial‒yaṃ tvaṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne na sādhukaṃ aṭṭhiṃ katvā manasi karosi)
  • n ⇒ ṇ
    • saraṇaṃ: saranaṃ (refuge)
    • paṇidhi: panidhi (wish, establishment)
    • pariṇāmeti: parināmeti (diverts to)
    • ñāṇaṃ: ñānaṃ (wisdom)
  • r ⇒ l
    • mahāsālo: mahāsāro (one with great wealth; very rich)
    • palibodho: paribodho (that which obstructs by the surrounding; obstruction)
    • pallaṅko: pariaṅko ⇒ paryaṅko ⇒ palyaṅko (sitting by placing the legs in a surrounding manner; cross-legged sitting posture)

appavidhāna (20)

• k ⇒ kh
  • nikkhamati: ni + kamati ⇒ ni + khamati (reduplication of kh ⇒ kkh) (leaves)
• k ⇒ **d **
  • sadattha: saka + attha ⇒ sakattha (one’s own improvement‒sadatthapasuto siyā [one should engage in pursue one’s own improvement.]) note: it could also be: sa + attha ⇒ sadattha (dāgama)
• kh ⇒ g
  • eḷamūgo: eḷamūkho (person with a mouth dripping saliva while speaking; drooling fool‒ummatto vā khittacitto vā eḷamūgo vā hoti. Ayaṃ surāpānassa nissando [one becomes insane, mentally unbalanced or a drooling fool. This is the cosequence of drinking alcohol.]
• g ⇒ k
  • kulūpako: kulūpago (one who goes to houses; a family- associate)
• gh ⇒ h
  • sīho: sīgho (one who is fast; lion)
• c ⇒ ch
  • vinicchayo: vini + cayo ⇒ vini + chayo (dvibhāvasandhi: ch ⇒ cch) (decision; judgement)
• ch ⇒ s
  • saḷāyatanaṃ: cha + āyatanaṃ ⇒ sa + āyatanaṃ (ḷ āgama)⇒ sa + ḷ + āyatanaṃ (six sense bases)
• j ⇒ y
  • niyaṃ: nijaṃ (born depending on oneself‒mātā yathā niyaṃ puttaṃ, āyusā ekaputtamanurakkhe [as a mother would protect, with her life, her own son / her only son])
• ñ ⇒ ṇ
  • paṇṇatti: paññatti (concept, regulation)
  • paṇṇāsa: paññāsa (fifty)
• t ⇒ **th **
  • nittharaṇaṃ: ni + taraṇaṃ ⇒ ni + tharaṇaṃ (dvibhāvasandhi: th ⇒ tth) (crossing over)
    • kullūpamaṃ vo, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desessāmi. Nittharaṇatthāya, no gahaṇatthāya. (alagaddūpamasutta, mūlapaṇṇāsa, 187) I will preach you, O monks, how the dhamma has simile of a raft: for crossing over, not for grasping.
• t ⇒ n
  • jino: jito (the conqueror; Buddha)
• d ⇒ **ḍ **
  • kāyaḍāho: kāyadāho (distress of the body)
• d ⇒ ḷ
  • pariḷāho: paridāho (burning; distress)
  • āḷāhanaṃ: ādāhanaṃ (place where burning is done; cemetery)
• d ⇒ **t **
  • sugato: sugado (one who speaks good words; the Buddha)
• dh ⇒ d
  • idāhaṃ: idha + ahaṃ ⇒ idhāhaṃ (here, I) (comm: ida is nipāta)
    • ekamidāhaṃ, bhikkhave, samayaṃ ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharāmi. (mahāpadānasutta, mahāvagga, 42) On one occasion, O monks, I was staying in this ukkaṭṭhā city.
• dh ⇒ h
  • sāhu dassanaṃ: sādhu dassanaṃ (seeing is good)
    • sāhu dassanamariyānaṃ, sannivāso sadā sukho (dhammapada, 44) Seeing noble ones is good, living together with them is always a bliss.
  • sunihito: sunidhito (well buried)
    • eso nidhi sunihito, ajeyyo anugāmiko (nidhikaṇḍasutta, khuddakapāṭha, 10) That treasure is well buried, cannot be taken by defeating, and that follows you even to the next life.
• p ⇒ ph
  • nipphannaṃ: ni + pannaṃ ⇒ ni + phannaṃ (produced)
• m ⇒ p
  • cirappavāsiṃ: ciraṃ + pavāsiṃ (mākārādesa) ⇒ cirampavāsiṃ (one who has stayed far away for a long time)
• y **⇒ v**
  • āvudhaṃ: āyudhaṃ (weapon)
  • āvuso: āyuso (one who has long life)
• l **⇒ **r
  • nerañjarā: nelañjalā (nīla jala) (river with pure water)
• v (without y) ⇒ b
  • pabbajito: pa vajito ⇒ pavvajito (dvebhāva) (renunciant, renounced from, exiled)

mem aid:

• appavidhānaṁ
  • paṇṇāsā eḷamūgā cirappavāsino sīhā nerañjaraṁ nittharantā nikkhamanti
    15 stupid far-dwelling lions crossing the nerañjara renounced.
    kulūpakassa kāyaḍāho pariḷāho saḷāyatane nipphanno
    the bodily fever and distress of the one who approaches families is produced in the 6 bases.
    pabbajitassa jinassa vinicchayo: “idāhaṁ, āvuso, sugato. niyo sadattho sāhu.”
    the judgement of the conqueror of the renunciants: “here, friend, I am well-gone. one’s own highest welfare is good.”
• other mnemonics:
  • k kh g gh ṅ
    c ch j jh ñ
    ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh (ṇ)
    (‘t’ ‘th’ d dh ‘n’)
    p ph b bh m
    y (‘r’) l (v) s h ḷ ṁ
    • _: vaggalasehi te
    • (): tavaggavaraṇānaṁ cavaggabayañā
    • ’’: tathanarānaṁ ṭaṭhaṇalā
    • red: appavidhāna
  • k ⇒ kh, d
    kh ⇒ g
    g ⇒ k
    gh ⇒ h
    c ⇒ ch
    ch ⇒ s
    j ⇒ y
    ñ ⇒ ṇ
    t ⇒ th, n
    d ⇒ ḍ, ḷ, t
    dh ⇒ d, h
    p ⇒ ph
    m ⇒ p
    y ⇒ v
    l ⇒ r
  • khagga kuha deceitful horn / sword
  • chasu yañña (ñ>ṇ) (sacrifice in 6 [directions])
  • thāne daleti daharo (the boy breaks the place)

missakādesa (ava + kāso ⇒ okāso)

• replacement of two or more letters‒a consonant and its vowel or more‒for one or more letters

3 types

• “pakati” missakādesa
  • ava ⇒ u
    • ujjhānasaññī: ava + jhānasaññī (with the (perception) intention of looking for fault)
    • uññā: ava + ñā (contempt)
  • ava ⇒ o
    • ovādo: ava + vādo (advice; admonition)
    • onaddho: ava + naddho (covered with; wrapped with)
    • okāso: ava + kāso (space)
    • olokanaṃ: ava + lokanaṃ (looking)
  • va ⇒ o
    • uposatho: upa vasatho ⇒ upa osatho (the day on which people live endowed with sīla)
    • Ko: kva (where)
      • ko te suto vā diṭṭho vā, sumukho nāma vānaro (jātaka 1, 121) Where have you heard or seen, that which is called a monkey with a beautiful face.
  • ku ⇒ kru
    • krubbati: kubbati (does)
  • tta ⇒ tra
    • atrajo: attajo (born from oneself)
  • (extra) da ⇒ dra
    • (extra) sukhudrayo: sukha udayo (yielding happiness)
  • dda ⇒ dra
    • bhadro: bhaddo (good person)
  • (extra) ba ⇒ bra
    • (extra) brāhmaṇo: bāhitapāpattā arahā brāhmaṇoti vuccati
  • vi ⇒ vya
    • byamhito: vimhito (surprised; amazed)
  • kkha ⇒ ccha
    • acchi: akkhi (eye)
    • sacchi (nipāta): saha + acchi (from akkhi) (that which is together with eye; witnessed; by adding verbs to it, sacchikaroti (realize), etc are formed)
• akkharasaṁkhitta **missakādesa (replacement by contracting)
  bahvakkharānaṃ appattamaññathattañca** (sdnt)
  • ācero: ācariyo (teacher) (contraction)
• akkharavaḍḍhi **missakādesa (replacement by increasing / expanding)
  (only in gāthā)
  appakkharānaṃ bahuttamaññathattañca** (sdnt)
  • sattavo: satto (ta ⇒ tava) (being)
  • suvāminī: sāminī (ā ⇒ uvā) (mistress)
  • suvaka: saka (sa ⇒ suva) (one’s own)
• mem aid:
  • bhadro sattavo brāhmaṇo ācero uposathe suvakassa sukhudrayaṁ krubbati. byamhitā suvāminī atrajāhi uññāhi acchīhi oloketi.
    the good brahmin teacher, in the uposatha, does what yields happiness. The surprised mistress looks with eyes of self-generated contempt.

bindvādesa / niggahītādesa - 4 types

• mayadādesa (replacement with m, y, and d)
  st: ṁ + s ⇒ m / y / d + s
  (maṅgalaṁ uttamaṁ maṅgalamuttamaṁ)
  47. mayadā sare.
  • sometimes, ṁ, when followed by a sara, is replaced by m, y, or d
  • when they normally occur
    • mādesa‒mostly found with ya, ta and eta (m./f.) and after all other nouns
      • yamāhu: yaṃ (f.) + āhu (said to which woman)
        • note: exception with nt.:** Yametaṃ vārijaṃ pupphaṃ, adinnaṃ upasiṅghasi **(Which ungiven flower that is arisen in water you sniff at)
      • tamatthaṃ: taṃ + atthaṃ (that meaning)
      • etamatthaṃ: etaṃ + atthaṃ (that meaning)
      • evametaṃ: evaṃ + etaṃ
      • maṅgalamuttamaṃ: maṅgalaṃ + uttamaṃ
    • yādesa (only one case)
      • tayidaṃ: taṃ + idaṃ (that this)
    • dādesa‒found with ya, ta, and **eta **(nt., but in samāsa 3) and after all other nouns
      • etadavoca: etaṃ + avoca (said this)
      • yadabravi: yaṁ abravi (which word he told)
        • [√brū + a + i] abravi: aor. (+acc) said (a)
      • tadaniccaṃ: taṃ aniccaṃ (that is impermament)
      • etadavoca: etaṃ avoca (etaṃ vacanaṃ avoca – said this word)
      • samāsa
        • yadanantaraṃ: yassa anantaraṃ (vibhatti elided and ṁ inserted) ⇒ yaṃ + anantaraṁ (next to which; here, ya can be of any gender)
      • sakiṃ + āgāmī = sakadāgāmī
• byañjanādesa
  ṁ + b ⇒ bb
  usually: saṁ- / puṁ- + l
  (saṁ lekho sallekho)
  byañjanesu pararūpaṁ **(nrtdpn)
  appavidhāna** (nrtdpn)
  **saṃupasaggapumantassa le lakāro **(rpsd)
  • ṁ is replaced with (/ assimilated to) the succeeding consonant‒usually “saṁ-“ and “puṁ” (from puma: man) when **l **is succeeding
  • saṁ-
    • sallekho: saṃ + lekho (that which well scrapes the defilements; austere penance)
    • paṭisallīno: paṭisaṃ + līno (having taken the mind away from various objects, hidden, one who has entered into a jhāna)
      • paṭisaṃ: having taken the mind away from various objects
      • līno: hidden; one who has entered into a jhāna
  • puṃ
    • pulliṅgaṃ: puṃ + liṅgaṃ (male gender; masculine gender)
  • with **other **byañjanas
    • sakkaroti: saṃ + karoti (does well; honours)
    • sakkacca (gerund) / sakkaccaṃ: saṃ + kacca (having done well; well)
      • kacca [√kar + tya]: ger. (+acc) doing; making; acting; performing
• vaggantādesa
  st: ṁ + v.a. ⇒ v.a.’s vagganta + v.a.
  (dīpaṁ karo dīpaṅkaro)
  46.vagge vagganto
  • sometimes, ṁ, when followed by a vaggakkhara, is replaced by the vagganta of that vagga
  • 3 types
    • niccavidhi (always happens) (taṇhaṅkaro)
      • ṁ + ka-v
        • taṇhaṅkaro: taṇhaṃ + karo (one who destroys greed [kar as destroy]/ one who makes affection in others towards oneself due to the perfect physical and mental qualities)
      • ṁ + ca-v
        • sañjāto: saṃ + jāto (well arisen)
      • ṁ + ṭa-v
        • saṇṭhito: saṃ + ṭhito (well established)
      • ṁ + ta-v
        • purindado: puriṃ + dado (one who gave donations in the past; Sakka)
        • sandhi: saṃ + dhi (that which is well placed; euphonic combination)
      • ṁ + pa-v
        • sambuddho: saṃ + buddho (the one who realized by oneself; the Buddha)
        • sammato: saṃ + mato (well known; appoined, approved)
    • aniccavidhi (happens sometimes) (saṅgho saṁgho)
      • dhammañcare / dhammaṃ care: dhammaṃ + care (one should practice dhamma)
        • dhammaṃ care sucaritaṃ **(dhammapada, 39) **dhammañcare sucaritaṃ (apadānaṭṭhakathā 1, 106)
      • saṃgho / saṅgho: saṃ + gho (saṅgho is not given as an optional example in any grammar book, but as both forms are found in the tipiṭaka, it should be considered so)
    • asantavidhi (never happens) (saraṇaṁ gacchāmi)
      • saraṇaṃ gacchāmi (buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi)
      • kammaṃ kataṃ (na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu)

ñādesa
st: ṁ + y / eva / hi ⇒ ñ + y / eva / hi
48.yevahisu ño

• sometimes, ṁ, when followed by y / eva / hi, is replaced by ñ
• ṁ + y (followed by vaggalasehi te)
  • ānantarikaññamāhu: ānantarikaṃ + yamāhu ⇒ ānantarikañ + yamāhu (yevahisu ñō) ⇒ ānantarikañ + ñamāhu (vaggalasehi te) (which they called without interval)
  • yaññadeva: yaṃ + yadeva ⇒ yañ yadeva ⇒ yañ ñadeva
  • saṁ- + y
    49. Ye saṃssa
    • saññogo: saṃ + yogo ⇒ sañ + yogo ⇒ sañ ñogo
    • saññojanaṃ: saṃ + yojanaṃ ⇒ sañ yojanaṁ ⇒ sañ ñojanaṁ
    • saññamo: saṃ + yamo ⇒ sañ yamo ⇒ sañ ñamo
    • saññācikāya: saṃ + yācikāya ⇒ sañ yācikāya ⇒ sañ ñācikāya (by one’s own request)
• ṁ + eva (followed by dvebhāva)
  • taññeva: taṃ + eva ⇒ tañ + eva ⇒ taññ + eva (that itself)
  • purisaññeva: purisaṃ + eva
  • paccattaññeva: paccattaṃ + eva (+dvebhāva) (in each one’s self)
• ṁ + hi
  • tañhi: taṃ + hi
  • atthasañhito: atthasaṃhito (that which has meaning)

mem aid:

• ṁ s - mayadā sare
  • mādesa - nl: ya ta eta m/f & nouns
    • exc. in nt.: yametaṁ vārijaṁ pupphaṁ
    • mo yatetesu itthipulliṅgesu ca itaresu ca
  • yādesa - tayidaṁ
    • **yo satayidaṁ **
  • dādesa - nl: ya ta eta nt., samāse 3, & nouns
    • do yatesesu sapuṁsakesu ca samāsesu tiliṅgikesu ca itaresu ca
• ṁ b - byañjanesu pararūpaṁ, saṁupasaggapumantassa le lakāro
• ṁ v.a. - vagge vagganto: nicco anicco asanto
  • niccavidhi
  • aniccavidhi
  • asantavidhi
• ṁ ya eva hi - yevahisu ño: yo vaggalasehi tena saha, evo dvebhāvena saha
  • ṁ ya ⇒ ñya + vaggalasehi te ⇒ ñña
  • ṁ eva ⇒ ñeva + dvebhāva ⇒ ññeva
  • ṁ hi ⇒ ñh

4 āgamasandhi

• what it is
  • the euphonic combination that involves the insertion of either a vowel, a consonant, ṁ, or an entire word

4 types

sarāgama
mahāsutta

aāgama‒often occurs to √māp (to create) in gāthā

• paṇṇasālaṃ amāpetvā / amāpayiṁ: paṇṇasālaṃ māpetvā / māpayiṁ (having created / I created a hermitage roofed with leaves)
• dhammanagaraṃ amāpayi: dhammanagaraṃ māpayi (you created a dhamma city)
• anavajja: vajja ⇒ a + vajja ⇒ a + a (āgama) + vajja ⇒ an + a + vajja (faultless)
  • why is this a inserted?
• anāmataṃ: a + mataṁ ⇒ a + a (āgama) + mataṁ ⇒ an + a + mataṁ (place where no one has died before - natthi loke anāmataṃ (upasāḷakajātakaya, jātaka 1, 41)
• anamatagga: a + matagga ⇒ a + a (āgama) + matagga ⇒ an + a + matagga (that which has no known end; with inconceivable beginning; comm: anu + amatagga (that of which the end cannot be known even by following the cycle of rebirth with wisdom for hundreds of years; not āgamasandhi here)

īāgama

• pākaṭīkaraṇaṃ: pākaṭa + karaṇaṃ (a is elided) ⇒ pākaṭ + karaṇaṁ (īāgama) (making clear)
  • pākaṭa [pa + √kar + ta] ✓ 1: adj. famous; well known; widespread 2 pp. made open; openly revealed 3 pp. unconcealed; open; clearly seen
• kabaḷīkārāhāro: kabaḷa + kārāhāro (food that is made into morsels)

oāgama (previous examples for a-v ⇒ o can also be oāgama)

• saradosataṁ: sarada sataṁ (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ sarad sataṁ (oāgama)
• disodisaṁ: disā disaṁ (pubbasaralopa), dis disaṁ (oāgama)
• parosataṁ / parosahassaṁ: para sataṁ (pubbasaralopa), par sataṁ (oāgama)
• aññoññaṁ: añña aññaṁ (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ aññ aññaṁ (oāgama)
• ponobbhavikā: puna bhava ika ⇒ pona bhava (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ pon bhava (oāgama)
• **mem aid: parosataṁ anavajjaṁ kabalīkārāhāraṁ amāpayiṁ **
• note: niruttidīpaṇī gives examples for a, ā, i, ī, u, and o, but some examples among them are debatable
• byañjanāgama (before a vowel)
  sare pare: vanataragā ca mayadā ca āgamā, chamhā ḷāgamo, manādīhi sāgamo, bahulaṁ hāgamo ca
  50.vanataragā cāgamā

vāgama

• tivaṅgulaṃ: ti + aṅgulaṃ (three inches)
• āsanā vuṭṭhāti: āsanā + uṭṭhāti (stand up from the seat)
• sarādesa (uva) examples also could be here
  • duvaṅgulaṁ: du aṅgulaṁ
  • bhuvādayo: bhu ādayo
  • bhikkhuvāsane: bhikkhu āsane

nāgama

• na kho netaṃ: na kho + etaṃ (not that)
• kammaniyaṃ: kamma + iya (fit for work)
• lobhaniyaṃ: lobha + iya (desirable)

tāgama (after ajja, yasmā, and tasmā)

• yasmātiha: yasmā + iha (because of what, here)
• tasmātiha: tasmā + iha (because of that, here) (some comm say tiha is a nipāta)
• ajjatagge: ajja + agge (starting from today)
  • rāgama (after ni, du, dhī, pātu, pāta, puna, and catu; st in gāthā: before iva and eva)
    • rūpasiddhibhāsaṭīkā: reason for rāgama
      • due to the sanskrit words nir, dur, pātar, punar, and catur that lost their rs in Pāḷi‒they reappear when the word is combined with a suceeding vowel
      • dhī is from dhik
        • in Pāḷi, it is reduplicated as in dhikkataṁ
        • if a vowel succeeds it, r is inserted: dhīratthu
        • if not combined, dhī
    • ni
      • nirantaraṃ: ni + antaraṃ (without a space)
      • niratthakaṃ: ni + atthakaṃ (meaningless, with no result)
    • du
      • duratikkamo: du + atikkamo (difficult to pass over)
      • duruttaṃ: du + uttaṃ (badly said)
    • dhī
      • dhīratthu: dhī + atthu (may insult be on it!)
    • pātu
      • pāturahosi: pātu + ahosi (appeared)
    • pāta
      • pātarāso: pāta + āso (morning food; breakfast)
        • āsa: [ā + √is + ā + a] adj. longing for; with desire for 4.1 masc. food; meal [√as + *a] ~
    • puna
      • punareti: puna + eti (come again)
    • catu
      • caturaṅgikaṃ: catu + aṅgikaṃ (that which has four factors)
    • paṭhavīdhāturevesā: paṭhavīdhātu evesā (that is only earth element)
    • st in gāthā: r + iva / eva
      • āraggeriva sāsapo: āragge + iva (like a mustard seed on top of a needle)
      • sabbhireva samāsetha: sabbhi + eva (associate only with virtuous ones)
      • yathariva: yathā + iva (just like; here iva means eva)

gāgama

• puthageva: putha + eva (separate indeed) (ariyehi puthagevāyaṃ janoti puthujjano - this person is separate indeed from noble beings; therefore, (he is called) puthujjana
  • Reference is given in many books as ‘Niddesa’. However, it could not be found in Chaṭṭhasaṅgīti tipiṭaka Niddesapāḷi.

māgama

• lahumessati: lahu + essati (will come lightly)
• idhamāhu: idha + āhu (here, they call)
• sabbatthamaparājitā: sabbattha + aparājitā (unconquered everywhere)
• kasāmiva: kasā + iva (as from the whip)
• ekamekassa: eka + ekassa (to each‒syādilopa sandhi)
• aggamakkhāyati: agga + akkhāyati (called as greatest)
• adukkhamasukhā: adukkha + asukhā (feeling that is not suffering nor happiness)
• uragāmiva: uragaṃ + iva ⇒ uragaṃ + miva ⇒ uraga + miva (as a snake)
• note: happens in gāthā or for vacanasukha

yāgama

• yathayidaṃ: yathā + idaṃ (as this)
• dasayime: dasa + ime (these ten)
• pariyesati: pari + esati (searches)
• sarādesa (iya) examples can also be yāgama
  • viyatto: vi + atto
  • viyākāsi: vi + ākāsi
  • dāgama (after u, sakiṁ, sammā, koci, kiñci, kenaci, kismiñci, yāva, tāva, puna, and in samāsas also ya, ta, eta, atta **and **sa)
    • rūpasiddhi: reason for dāgama:
      • some ending letters that are present in sanskrit but not in pāḷi reapper when those words are combined with a succeeding vowel
      • u- from ut-
      • sakiṁ from sakrit
      • kenaci from kenacit
    • udayo: u + ayo (rise)
    • udeti: u + eti (rises)
    • sakideva: sakiṃ + eva (only once)
    • Sakadāgāmī: sakiṃ + āgāmī (once returner)
    • Kenacideva: kenaci + eva (by something indeed, with someone indeed)
    • Kiñcideva: kiñci + eva (something indeed, someone indeed)
    • Kismiñcideva: kismiñci + eva (in something indeed)
    • Kocideva: koci + eva (someone indeed)
    • Sammadakkhāto: sammā + akkhāto (well told)
    • Sammadeva: sammā + eva (well indeed)
    • Yāvadeva: yāva + eva (up to which indeed)
      • yāvade: yāvadeva (va is elided)
    • Tāvadeva: tāva + eva (up to that indeed)
      • tāvade: tāvadeva (va is elided)
    • Punadeva: puna + eva (again indeed)
    • in samāsa
      • yadatthaṃ: ya + atthaṃ (for which benefit)
      • tadatthaṃ: ta + atthaṃ (for that benefit)
      • etadatthaṃ: eta + atthaṃ (for that benefit)
      • attadatthaṃ: atta + atthaṃ (self-benefit)
      • sadatthaṃ: sa + atthaṃ (one’s own benefit)
    • in some other places
      • manasādaññā: manasā + aññā (having known by mind)
      • bahudeva: bahu + eva (much indeed)
      • ahudeva: ahu + eva (happened indeed)

ḷāgama (after cha)
51.chā ḷo
sare pare chamhā lāgamo

• chaḷabhiññā: cha + abhiññā
• saḷāyatanaṃ: cha + āyatanaṃ ⇒ chaḷāyatanaṃ (ch ⇒ s)
• chaḷete: cha + ete (these six)
  • sāgama (after stems of manogaṇa, when a vowel is succeeding)
    sare pare manādīhi sāgamo
    • mānasika: mana + ṇika ⇒ māna + ika
    • cetasika: ceta + ika

hāgama
sare pare bahulaṃ hāgamo

• ujū ca suhujū ca: ujū ca su + ujū ca
• suhuṭṭhitaṃ: suppabhātaṃ su + uṭṭhitaṃ (good waking ups)
• nohetaṃ bhante: no + etaṃ (that is not, sir)

mem aid:

• sare pare vanataragā ca mayadā ca āgamā, chamhā ḷāgamo, manādīhi sāgamo, bahulaṁ hāgamo
  • ajjayasmātasmāyaṁ tāgamo
  • ni-du-dhī-pātu-pāta-puna-catūsu ca, gāthāyaṁ evivesu ca rāgamo
  • gāthāyaṁ ca vacanasukhesu ca māgamo
  • u-sakiṁ-sammā-koci-kiñci-kenaci-kismiñci-yāva-tāva-punesu ca samāsesu yatetattasesu dāgamo

niggahītāgama (always after a short vowel)
52.niggahītaṃ

• cakkhuṃ udapādi: cakkhu udapādi (the eye (which is wisdom) appeared)
• taṁsampayuttakānaṃ: ta + sampayuttakānaṃ (to the realities associated with it)
• avaṃsiro: avasiro (head down)
  • **kāmaṃ patāmi nirayaṃ, uddhapādo avaṃsiro; nānariyaṃ karissāmi, handa piṇḍaṃ paṭiggaha! **(khadiraṅgārajātaka, jātaka 1, 10)
• upavassaṃ kho pana: upavassa kho pana (having approached vassa) upavassa (gerund) upa + vas + tvā (tvā ⇒ ya) ⇒ upavasya (y⇒s)
• aṇuṃthūlāni: aṇuthūlāni (small and big)
• kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahuṃ: kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahu
• padāgama
  padānaṁ ante gata (sahagata) jāta anta (āyatana) saddā āgamā honti
  (at the end of words, the sounds gata **(and **sahagata),** jāta, and **anta **(and āyatana) are inserted [and have no meaning])
  mahāsutta**
  • diṭṭhigataṃ: diṭṭhi (wrong view)
  • atthajātaṃ: attho (meaning)
  • suttantaṃ: suttaṃ (discourse)
  • rūpagataṃ: rūpaṃ (form)
  • vedanāgataṃ: vedanā (feeling)
  • dhammajātaṃ: dhamma
  • vananto: vanaṃ (forest)
  • sammākammanto: sammākammaṃ (right action)

extra notes:

• sippāyatana: sippa āyatana (padāgama)
• aṇusahagata: aṇu sahagata (padāgama)
  • mem aid: padānaṁ ante gata-sahagata-jāt-ant-āyatana-saddā āgamā

3 dvebhāvasandhi

• what it is
  • the euphonic combination that involves the **reduplication **of a consonant, a word, or a root

dvebhāva / dvibhāva / dvitta / dve rūpa (definition)

• reduplication‒**dvinnaṃ bhāvo dvibhāvo; dvibhāvo eva dvebhāvo **(dvebhāva refers to the state of two‒it is an insertion of a second letter; a type of āgama [rūpasiddhibhāsāṭīkā])
• moggallāna: dvibhāva, dvitta and dve rūpa
• kaccāyana and saddanīti: dvebhāva

3 types

byañjanadvebhāva
53.saramhā dve
2 types

• sadisadvebhāva (reduplication for a similar consonant): a sithilabyañjana is reduplicated‒eg: appamādo
  • st: s + sithila ⇒ s + sithila sithila
    sometimes, a sithila byañjana, after a vowel, is reduplicated‒10 occasions it happens
    • 1st byañjana of:
      • the prefixes
        • pa **and **pati (and paṭi [pati⇒paṭi]) (from pra and prati)
          • main reason for reduplication
            • influence from the sanskrit “r” that is not present in the Pāḷi version‒which in turn becomes redoubled to fill that sound
            • sanskrti: a + pramādo ⇒ apramādo
              Pāḷi: a + pamādo ⇒ appamādo
          • a + pamādo: appamādo
          • appativattiyaṃ: a + pativattiyaṃ (that which cannot be rolled back)
          • vippaṭisāro: vi + paṭisāro (remorse; regret)
          • idhappamādo: idha + pamādo
          • vippayutto: vi + payutto
          • sammappadhānaṁ: sammā + padhānaṃ
          • suppatiṭṭhito: su + patiṭṭhito (well established)
          • appaṭipuggalo: a + paṭipuggalo (unrivalled, unequalled)
          • suppaṭipanno
            • su + paṭipanno
            • **note: **although supaṭipanno, ujupaṭipanno, ñāyapaṭipanno, and sāmīcipaṭipanno are places for dvebhāva according to grammar and appear as so in the chaṭṭhasaṅgīti, they come without dvebhāva in Buddhajayanti (Sri Lankan) tipiṭaka
          • adhipatippaccayo
            • adhipati + paccayo (pati ayo)
            • note:
              • some say it should be doubled, and it is backened by rūpasiddhi, but in chaṭṭhasaṅgīthi and buddhajayanti, they come without reduplication
              • this reduplication is **anicca **(not compulsory) (moggallānapañcikāṭīkā)
              • dvebhāva happens when pati- is unchanged; when changed into pacc-, it does not always happen, as in apaccakkhaṁ and apaccakkhāya
        • anu **(when middled by prefixes **saṃ- and ā-)
          • samannāgato: saṃ anu āgato ⇒ samanāgato (endowed with)
      • the suffix / replacement
        • **ya **(after a vowel)
          • suyyati: su + ya + ti (is heard)
            • Dissanti ceva suyyanti ca (kuladūsanasikkhāpada)
          • viceyya: vi ci ⇒ ce + ya (having investigated)
            • aṭṭhimāni bhikkhave sappurisadānāni…. viceyya deti… (sappurisadānasutta)
      • the roots
        • kamu, kī, kudha, kusa, gaha,
          caja, (jala), juta, ñā,
          saja, sambhu, sara, sasa, si, su, etc
          • vikkiṇāti: kī: vi + kiṇāti (sells)
          • akkodho: kudha: a + kodho (non-enmity)
          • abhikkamati: kamu: abhi + kamati (goes forward)
          • akkosati: kusa: ā + kosati (insults; scolds)
          • paggaṇhāti: gaha: pa + gaṇhāti (holds up)
          • ujjotati: juta: u + jut ṇa ti (shines)
          • pajjalati: pa jal a ti
          • pajjota: pa jut ṇa
          • viññāṇaṃ: ñā: vi + ñāṇaṃ (consciousness)
          • nissayo: si: ni + sayo (dependance)
          • appassuto: su: appa + suto (uneducated)
          • passambhati: sambhu: pa + sambhati (calms down)
          • anussarati: sara: anu + sarati (remembers)
          • assasati: sasa: ā + sasati (inhales)
          • vissajjeti: saja: vi + sajjeti (j of the root is also reduplicated) (gives away, spends)
          • pariccajati: caja: pari + cajati (abandons)
      • the nouns
        • tika, taya, tiṃsa, vata, pīti, etc (due to the r and ṛ in the Sanskrit words trika, traya, triṃṣa, vṛta and prīti)
          • kusalattikaṃ: kusala + tikaṃ (kusala triad)
          • ratanattayaṃ: ratana + tayaṃ (triple gem)
          • tettiṃsaṃ: te + tiṃsaṃ (thirty-three)
          • sīlabbataṃ: sīla + vataṃ ⇒ sīlavvataṃ (precepts and practices)
          • sappītikā: sa + pītikā (those which are with joy)
    • last byañjana of: the roots vatu, vaṭu, etc
      • vattati: vat + a + ti (exists)
      • vaṭṭati: vaṭ + a + ti (is suitable)
    • the succeeding byañjana of:
      • the prefixes u, du, **and **ni
        • uccāreti: u-: u + cāreti (lifts up, pronounces)
        • duggati: du-: du + gati (bad destination; hell)
        • niddoso: ni-: ni + doso (faultless)
      • the nouns catu, cha, and sa (a replacement for **santa **[good; virtuous])
        • catuddisaṃ: catu + disaṃ (four directions)
        • channavuti: cha + navuti (ninety-six)
        • sappuriso: sa + puriso (virtuous man)
      • the pronoun ta
        • takkaro: ta: ta + karo (one who does that)
        • tanninno: ta: ta + ninno (bent towards that)
    • in **gāthā **(for metrical purposes)
      • ujjugatesu: ujugatesu (towards straight ones)
        • abhivādanā ujjugatesu seyyo (dhammapada)
      • suggati: su + gati (good destination)
        • sattā gacchanti suggatiṃ (itivuttaka)
        • bhiyyo nandati suggatiṃ gato (dhammapada)
    • others
      • pañcannaṃ: pañca + naṃ (to/of five)
    • mem aid: make a mnemonic for this
• asadisadvebhāva / visadisadvebhāva (reduplication for a dissimilar consonant): a dhanita is reduplicated into its preceding sithila in the alphabet
  54.catutthadutiyesvesaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā
  note: **aspirates after the prefixes **u, du, **and **ni are almost always reduplicated
  • kh, ch, ṭh, th, and ph are reduplicated for k, c, ṭ, t and p, respectively
    gh, jh, ḍh, dh, and bh are reduplicated for g, j, ḍ, d and b, respectively
  • rūpakkhandho: rūpa + khandho
  • setacchattaṃ: seta + chattaṃ (white parasol)
  • patiṭṭhito: pati + ṭhito (established)
  • sāriputtatthero: sāriputta + thero
  • nipphalaṃ: ni + phalaṃ (fruitless)
  • paggharati: pa + gharati (trickles)
  • paṭhamajjhānaṃ: paṭhama + jhānaṃ
  • uddharati: u + dharati (pulls up)
  • nibbhayaṃ: ni + bhayaṃ (fearless)

dhātudvebhāva

what it is

• the reduplication that happens to the first syllable of a root, can be found in akhyātas and kittakas, and expresses the indefinite past (parokkhā) or extreme meanings (atisayattha)
• examples:
  • ākhyāta
    • papaca: √pac ⇒ papac (it is said that he cooked) (parokkhāvibhatti)
  • kitaka
    • titikkhā: √tij ⇒ titi (khantī paramaṃ tapo t.)
    • lolupo (√luḷ) and momuho (√muh) (to convey an extreme meaning [atisayattha]

padadvebhāva
happens in 5 places

vicchā
55. vicchābhikkhaññesu dve

• what **vicchā **is
  • “byāpituṃ icchā vicchā”‒vicchā is the desire to extend
  • what is extended is dabba (a physical material), guṇa (a quality), or kriyā (an action)
  • how it is extended is through reduplication
  • **Bhinnavatthūni dabbena, guṇena vā kriyāya vā
    Byāpituṃ vattuno icchā, vicchātveva patīyate **(Saddatthabhedacintā)
• what are the 3 categories of what is spread by vicchā (3 types of vicchā)?
  • dabba (physical material) gāme gāme jalaṁ atthi‒there is water in every village
  • guṇa (quality): gāmo gāmo ramaṇīyo‒every village is pleasing
  • kiriyā (action): gāmo gāmo avagamyate‒ every village is known
  • **note: **
    • **gāme gāme jalaṃ gāmo – gāmo rammo’va gamyate;
      gāmo gāmo kvaci syādi – lopo’kekanti ādisu **(saddatthabhedacintā)
      there is water in every village, every village is pleasing and known, sometimes there is syādilopa as in ekekaṁ, etc
      • ramma [√ram + ya]: adj. charming; lovely; wonderful; enjoyable; delightful; lit. to be enjoyed
    • **syādilopa: **sometimes, in vicchā, the vibhatti is elided (ekaṁ ekaṁ ekekaṁ)
    • pade pade āpatti pācittiyassa (pācittiyapāḷi)
    • māse māse kusaggena, bālo bhuñjetha bhojanaṃ (dhammapada)
    • pade pade vikaṅkheyya, vane andhagajo yathā (moggallānapañcikāṭīkā)
    • laddhaṃ laddhaṃ vināseti (parābhavasutta)
• gāme gāme jalaṃ atthi: there is water in every village
  • in this example, what is being “extended” and over what?
    • water (jala) is being spread over various villages (gāma)
      note: it is the word gāma that is reduplicated
• (extra) vicchā is 3-fold according to elision and insertion
  • where the case is not elided (gāme gāme)
  • where the case is elided but ‘m’ is not inserted (ekekassa)
  • where both occur (ekamekassa)

ābhikkhañña / abhikhañña

• what** ābhikkhañña** is
  • punappunakriyā ābhikhaññaṁ‒doing an action again and again (repeatedly)‒this is expressed by reduplication
  • examples:
    • sā bhattaṃ pacati pacati: she cooks rice again and again
    • attānaṃ vadhitvā vadhitvā rodeyya: if one cries hitting oneself repeatedly
    • so apuññaṃ pasavati pasavati: he accumulates demerits again and again
    • bhutvā bhutvā nipajjanti: they lie down after eating again and again

vītihāra
56.sabbādīnaṃ vītihāre

• what it is
  • doing an action mutually by reduplicating pronouns note: syādilopa also happens in the first term
    e.g.: aññamaññassa upakārakā ⇒ aññassa aññassa upakārakā (helping one another)
  • examples:
    • itarītarassa upakārakā: itarassa itarassa upakārakā (helping one another)
    • aññamaññassa denti: aññassa aññassa denti (give something to one another)
    • aññamaññaṃ passanti: aññaṃ aññaṃ passanti (see one another)
    • nāññamaññassa dukkhamiccheyya: na aññassa aññassa dukkhaṃ iccheyya (one should not wish the suffering of one another)

āmeḍita (sambhama)
57. yāvatā tāvaṃ sambhame

• what āmeḍita / sambhama is
  • expressing a strong emotion by repeating words or even sentences
• difference between vicchā and āmeḍita / sambhama
  • what they refer to:
    • vicchā: 2 words refer to many things (gāme gāme ⇒ many villages)
    • āmeḍita: a word / sentence can be repeated multiple times (at least 2), but refer to the same thing (sappo sappo ⇒ snake, snake‒it refers to one snake, not two or more)
  • purpose:
    • **vicchā: **is used to extend the meaning
    • **āmeḍita: **is used to express a strong emotion
  • Bhusoritepi **(a)nekatthaṃ, vicchāvacanamīritaṃ;
    Āmeḍitaṃ panekatthaṃ, dvattikkhattumudīritaṃ** (bhedacintā)
    Even though said many times, if many meanings are there, that is called vicchā;
    but āmedita has a single meaning, that which is uttered two three times.
• why is it called āmeḍita?
  • bhedacintābhāsāṭīkā
    • āmeda: insane person
    • āmeḍita: the words of an āmeda; repeating words, alluding to one who is insane (āmeda)
  • sīlakkhandha abhinavaṭīkā
    • √meḍa + ā (speaking repeatedly)
• why is it called sambhama?
  • ‘punappunaṃ bhamanaṃ pavattanaṃ sambhamo’ (nirutti)‒repeated occurance of the same word is called sambhama
• 9 situations in which āmeḍita happens
  • bhaye kodhe pasaṃsāyaṃ, turite kotūhale’cchare;
    Hāse soke pasāde ca, kare āmeḍitaṃ budho
    when fear, anger, appreciation, urgency, excitement, wonder, happiness, sorrow, and faith (occur) a wise may utter āmeḍita
  • examples:
    • bhaye
      • sappo sappo (snake, snake!)
      • coro coro (thief thief!)
    • kodhe
      • pahara pahara (hit hit!)
    • pasaṁsāyaṁ
      • sādhu sādhu, ānanda (Good, good, ānanda)
      • **note: **normally the Buddha uses ‘sādhu’ twice, as it is how āmeḍita usually is, but more can be used
    • turite
      • gaccha gaccha (go go!)
    • kotūhale
      • āgaccha āgaccha (come come!)
    • acchare
      • Aho buddhā aho buddhā (how wonderful are the Buddhas! how wonderful are the Buddhas!) **
        note: **here, two words are reduplicated
    • hāse
      • abhikkamatha vāseṭṭhā abhikkamatha vāseṭṭhā (come forward Vāseṭṭhas! come forward!)
    • soke
      • kahaṃ ekaputtaka kahaṃ ekaputtaka (where are you, my only son? where are you?)
    • pasāde
      • abhikkantaṃ bho gotama abhikkantaṃ bho gotama (excellent, reverend Gotama! excellent!)
      • namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa (three times) **
        note: **here, a whole sentence is repeated; this is also included in padadvebhāva

atisaya dīpana

• what it is
  • showing (dīpana) extreme or ultimate (atisaya) meanings (attha)
  • it is done by the reduplication of stems, followed by the addition of nominal cases
  • note: they can also be described as samāsas, in which case, they would not be considered reduplications, but 2 different stems
    e.g.: rūparūpaṁ (18 ultimate [real] rūpas)
  • examples:
    • rūparūpaṃ: 18 real rūpas; conditioned matter
    • dukkhadukkhaṃ: ultimate dukkha, which is dukkha vedanā
    • bījabījaṃ: ultimate bīja among many types of bīja, which is seeds
    • mūlamūlaṃ: roots of trees, which are the ultimate roots among various roots
    • munimuni: the Buddha, who is the ultimate sage, among many other sages
    • samasamo: that which is extremely similar
• in vicchā, what is reduplicated is nouns **(confirm)
  in **ābhikkhañña, what is reduplicated is verbs
  in vīthihāra, **what is reduplicated is **pronouns
  in āmeḍita, what is reduplicated is anything
  in atisayadīpana, **what is reduplicated is **stems

3 vipallāsasandhi

• what it is
  • the euphonic combination that involves the inversion / interchange of nearby letters or words

vipallāsa (definition)

• padakkharānaṃ pubbāparavipariyāyo vipallāso (niruttidīpanī)‒ the inversion / interchange / relocation of nearby letters or words
• note: **according to nrtdpn, this can also happen to niggahīta (ayācisuṃ** comes from ayāciṃsu (begged)), but this is not how such words are normally formed, so this is not included here

3 types

saravipallāsa (relocation of a vowel)

• anokāsaṃ kārāpetvā: okāsaṃ akārāpetvā (a’s location is changed) (without making space; without asking for permission)
  • **asuddho hoti puggaloaññataraṃ pārājikaṃ dhammaṃ ajjhāpanno. Tañce suddhadiṭṭhi samāno anokāsaṃ kārāpetvā cāvanādhippāyo vadeti, āpatti saṃghādisesena dukkaṭassa **(duṭṭhadosasikkhāpada, pārājikapāḷi)
• animittaṃ katvā: nimittaṃ akatvā (without making a sign)
  • **sammatena bhikkhunā animittaṃ katvā pātetabbaṃ **(rūpiyasikkhāpada, pārājikāpāḷi)

byañjanavipallāsa (interchange of consonants)

r_y ⇒ y_r

• payirupāsati: pariyupāsati (associates)
• kayirati: kariyati (is done)

√…h + y ⇒ yh
58. hassa vipallāso

• when a root ending in **h **is followed by **y **(suffix or its replacement), they are interchanged ⇒ yh
• muyhati: √muh + ya + ti (is deluded) (ya here is the conjugational sign of divādigaṇa)
• āruyha: √āruh + tvā ⇒ √āruh + ya (having climbed) (ya here is a replacement for the gerund suffix -tvā)

st: hv ⇒ vh
59. ve vā

• bavhābādho: bahu + ābādho (u ⇒ v [sarādesasandhi]) ⇒ bahvābādho (hv ⇒ vh)
• mem aid: bavhābādho muyhantaṁ payirupāsati

padavipallāsa (relocation of a word / anastrophe / inversion)

• navaṃ pana bhikkhunā cīvaralābhena: navacīvaralābhena pana bhikkhunā (by the monk who has received a new robe)

note:

• 1. bahulaṃ
     • in most places, there is no one fixed way of forming a sandhi
     • most rules‒not only sandhi rules‒have exceptions, so the rules are made by grammarians to show what is most common in the language

mnemonics for each sandhi

lopasandhi

saralopa

• saralopo byañjane: ratnāni ca padmāni ca cetyesu honti
• (add others)

byañjanalopa

• sarena saha byañjanalopo: mukharo vākkaraṇaṁ āvikatā susukho
• **saṁyogādibyañjanalopo: **dukkha dukha
• saṁyogādilopa
• bindulopa
• **syādilopa: **in vicchā and vītihāra
• **padalopo ādimajjhantesu: **datto assayuttena rūpaṁ (gacchati)
• dīghasandhi: dīghasandhimhi tāsāhaṁ buddhānussati sādhūti myāyaṁ svākkhātaṁ pāvacanaṁ arahantāmiva madhuvā
• **rassasandhi: **rassasandhimhi yaṁ kiñci yiṭṭhaṁ va hutaṁ va loke va antalikkhe taṇhakkhayo sabbaññubuddhena sabbaññutāya sammadakkhāto
• vuddhisandhi: vuddhisandhimhi paccorasmiṁ upekkhassa janesabhassa nopeti sotthī

ādesasandhi

sarādesasandhi:

• sarādesasandhimhi:
  • yavā sare (iuvaṇṇo)
  • eonaṁ
  • yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅuvaṅ
  • vitisseve vā
  • eonamavaṇṇe
  • gossāvaṅ
  • appavidhānaṁ:
    • mātito puthujjano hemantagimhisu disodisaṁ sotatto; sakadāgāmī manuñño

byañjanādesasandhi:

• byañjanādesasandhimhi:
  • vaggalasehi te
  • tavaggavaraṇānaṁ ye cavaggabayañā
  • tathanarānaṁ ṭaṭhaṇalā
  • appavidhānaṁ
    • paṇṇāsā eḷamūgā cirappavāsino sīhā nerañjaraṁ nittharantā nikkhamanti;
    • kulūpakassa kāyaḍāho pariḷāho saḷāyatane nipphanno;
    • pabbajitassa jinassa vinicchayo‒idāhaṁ āvuso sugato siyo sadattho sāhu

missakādesasandhi:

• missakādesasandhimhi: bhadro sattavo brāhmaṇo ācero uposathe suvakassa sukhudrayaṁ krubbati; byamhitā suvāminī atrajāhi uññāhi acchīhi oloketi

bindvādesasandhi:

• bindvādesasandhimhi:
  • mayadā sare: mo itthipulliṅgesu yatetesu ca itaresu ca, yo satayidaṁ, do napuṁsakesu yatesesu ca samāsesu tiliṅgikesu ca itaresu ca
  • byañjanesu pararūpaṁ gacchati samupasaggapumantassa ḷe lakāro
  • vagge vagganto nicco anicco asanto
  • yevahisu ño: yo vaggalasehi tena saha, evo dvebhāvena saha

āgamasandhi

sarāgamasandhi

• sarāgamasandhimhi parosataṁ anavajjaṁ kabalīkārāhāraṁ amāpayiṁ

byañjanāgamasandhi

• byañjanāgamasandhimhi
  • sare pare vanataragā ca mayadā ca āgamā, chamhā ḷāgamo, manādīhi sāgamo, bahulaṁ hāgamo
    • ajjayasmātasmāyaṁ tāgamo
    • ni-du-dhī-pātu-pāta-puna-catūsu ca, gāthāyaṁ evivesu ca rāgamo
    • gāthāyaṁ ca vacanasukhesu ca māgamo
    • u-sakiṁ-sammā-koci-kiñci-kenaci-kismiñci-yāva-tāva-punesu ca samāsesu yatetattasesu dāgamo
• bindvāgamasandhi

padāgamasandhi

• padāgamasandhimhi: padānaṁ ante gata-sahagata- jāt-ant-āyatana-saddā āgamā honti

dvebhāvasandhi

• sadisadvebhāsasandhi: make mnemonic
  • 1 by
    • pre
      • pa pati paṭi
      • anu
    • suf
      • ya
    • root
      • kamu kī kudha kusa gaha
        caja jala jatu ñā
        saja sambhu sara sasa si su
    • noun
      • taya tika tiṁsa vata pīti
  • last by root vaṭ vat
  • suc by
    • pre
      • uduni
    • noun
      • catu cha sa
    • pron
      • ta
  • gathā
  • others
• asadisadvebhāvasandhi: catutthadutiyesvesaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā (udunīhi)

vipallāsa:

• byañjanavipallāsasandhi
  • byañjanavipallāsasandhimhi bavhābādho muyhantaṁ payirupāsati
• 8 “parts of speech” and in which sandhi they appear
  • 7 sara: all exc. dvebhāva
  • 5 byañjana: lopa, ādesa, āgama, dvebhāva, vipallāsa
  • 1 missaka: ādesa
  • 1 saṁyoga: lopa
  • 3 bindu: lopa, ādesa, āgama
  • 1 dhātu: dvebhāva
  • 1 siyādi: lopa
  • 4 pada: lopa, āgama, dvebhāva, vipallāsa

extra notes:

mahāmāluṅkyasutta: anuseti eva - about anusayas

• daharassa hi, mālukyaputta, kumārassa mandassa uttānaseyyakassa sakkāyotipi na hoti, kuto panassa uppajjissati sakkāyadiṭṭhi? anusetvevassa sakkāyadiṭṭhānusayo.

aggappasādasutta: recommended for anumodanā

• note: in exams, there will only be questions about the examples in the document sent by bhante, not all examples in niruttidīpaṇī

actual definition of sandhi

• ‘sammā dhīyatīti sandhi’‒it is called sandhi because [letters and words] are placed well [for easier pronunciation or recitation]
• dhīyati [√dhā + īya + ti]: pr. is placed; is supported