Lesson 6 - Gender and Addressing

• Ultimate gender: atthaliṅga
• Grammatical gender: saddaliṅga
• 3 atthaliṅga
  • purisa (male)
  • itthi (female)
  • napuṁsaka (eunuch)
• 6 saddaliṅga
  • purisaliṅgika
  • itthiliṅgika
  • napuṁsakaliṅgika
  • diliṅgika (two genders such as geha ⇒ geho / gehaṁ)
  • tiliṅgika (three genders such as uttama ⇒ uttamo / uttamaṁ / uttamā
  • aliṅgika
• According to some grammarians the grammatical gender of a noun is decided on certain characteristics of the sound that is produced while uttering that particular noun. It does not necessarily corresponds to the ultimate gender of the thing it refers to.
• Ālapana: addressing, the act of addressing, a sub-category of the nominative case-ending, the word used for addressing. Mostly stands as the second word of a sentence.
  • ālapana ekavacana―bho purisa, bho purisā
  • ālapana bahuvacana―bhonto purisā

Lesson 7 - Dative & Ablative

Dative

• That which receives what is being given, the indirect object, the dative of the action is called: sampadāna
• Catutthī vibhatti (purisa)―purisassa / purisānaṁ
• The ending -āya can only be used in special cases

7.2 Ablative

• Place from where someone or something departs or separates from is called ablative: apādāna
• Ablative case (Pañcamī vibhatti) (purisa)―purisasmā, purisamhā, purisā / purisehi, purisebhi

Lesson 8 - Genitive and Location

Genitive

• What indicates the possessor is called genitive: sambandha
  • sambandha (m.): connection, join, tie, (grammar) relationship, construction
  • The sambandha (genitive) is expressed by the: chaṭṭhī vibhatti
  • sāmī sambandha: Owner relationship such as between a farmer who possesses an ox (the ox of the farmer runs)
  • sāmī (m.): owner, master, husband, lord, ruler, sir
  • Chaṭṭhī vibhatti (purisa)―purisassa / purisānaṁ

Location

• The place where an action takes place is the location, in pāḷi called: okāsa, avakāsa or ādhāra
  • The okāsa is expressed by the locative case―Sattamī vibhatti
  • Sattamī vibhatti (purisa)―purise, purisasmiṁ, purisamhi / purisesu
• What is the main component of a sentence?: the verb

Lesson 9 - Purisa

• Declension of purisa (purisādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	puriso	purisā
  voc.	(bho) purisa, purisā	(bhonto) “
  acc.	purisaṁ	purise
  ins.	purisena	purisehi, purisebhi
  dat./gen.	purisassa	purisānaṁ
  abl.	purisasmā, purisamhā, purisā	purisehi, purisebhi
  loc.	purisasmiṁ, purisamhi, purise	purisesu

• Declension (English definition): the inflection of nouns and pronouns and adjectives
• Declination (English definition): a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state; a downward slope or bend; a polite refusal of an invitation.
• What does the nominative case express?: the meaning of the noun stem (liṅgattha)
• Sampadānaṁ (nt.): handing down, handing over, passing on (scriptures), (gram.) dative case, supplying, making ready
• Apādānaṁ (nt.): (gram) separating; ablation (ablative); taking away
• Purisādi gaṇa: masculine gender nouns ending in “a”
• In traditional grammar there are no stems ending in consonants. Modern scholars use consonant ending stems (satthār, guṇavant, gacchant…)

Lesson 10 - Verbs

• 4 parts of speech / groups of words (pada)
  • nāmapada: morphemes / stems to which case-endings / nominal suffixes are added; they are declined in liṅga (genders), vibhatti (cases) and vacana (number) and perform the functions of subjects, nouns, adjectives, certain actions and so on
  • ākhyātapada (Verbs): morphemes together with verbal terminations/suffixes. Verbs are formed by adding verbal suffixes to roots
  • avyaya / abyaya
    • nipātapada (Indeclinable particles)
    • upasaggapada (Prefixes)
  • mem aid: nānu
• Avyaya / abyaya: does not change
• Roots: a collection of letters that represent an action. Roots cannot be used in a sentence without having added verbal suffixes.
  • some roots
    • /pac: cooks
    • /khād: eats
    • /yā: goes
    • /gam: goes
    • /paṭh: reads
• There are 8 types of verbal tenses
• Vattamāna vibhatti: present tense

• 3 grammatical persons and their vattamāna vibhatti terminations

  person	singular	plural
  paṭhama purisa (third person)	ti	nti
  majjhima purisa	si	tha
  uttama purisa	mi	ma

• The vowel that stands before the terminations “mi” and “ma” in vattamāna vibhatti is lengthened

10.2 Indeclinable particles and prefixes

• Indeclinable particles (nipātapada) are words that are declined but do not undergo any changes.

• Prefixes also do not undergo any changes in declension. In most cases they are added to the beginning of a root or a noun to change their meaning. There are 20 upasagga (prefixes) in pāḷi

  upasaggas
  pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du
  saṁ, vi, ava, anu
  pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā
  ati, api, apa, upa