Lesson 1 - Cittādigaṇa

• All nouns in cittādigaṇa are of neuter gender

• Declension of citta (cittādigaṇa)

  | singular | plural | |—|—| | cittaṁ | cittā, cittāni | | (bho) citta, cittā | (bhavantāni) “ | | cittaṁ | citte, cittāni |

  • (as purisa)

  • note: cittā and citte are less common; more in gāthās

    • mgln: posits that cittāni is the original form, and that cittā and citte are derived from it. (Nirutti 197. nīnaṃ vā)
• 4 ways of saying “birds and squirrels”
  • sakuṇā ca kalandakā ca
  • sakuṇā ceva kalandakā ca (ca + eva - eva has no meaning here)
  • sakuṇā kalandakā ca
  • sakuṇā ca kalandakā (in verses)
• How to say “he reflects on the dhamma”?: so dhammaṁ paccavekkhati. (accusative, not locative)
• How to say “he gives the bhikkhu a blow”: so bhikkhussa (dative) pahāraṁ dadāti”

Lesson 2 - Past Tense Verbs

• 8 types of verbal vibhatti
  • Vattamāna vibhatti (present simple, present continuous, present emphatic)
  • Pañcamī (Imperative)
  • Sattamī (Optative)
  • Ajjatanī (past simple - more common)
  • Bhavissantī (future tense)
  • Kālātipatti
  • Hiyattanī (past tense - less common)
  • Parokkhā
• In the case of nouns the suffixes added to the stems are referred to as case endings and in the case of verbs the suffixes added to the roots are referred to as verbal terminations.
• A verbal base is the (English definition) morpheme constructed by adding a conjugational sign to a root.
• The vibhatti used to indicate an action that has occurred but not directly witnesses by the speaker is parokkhā vibhatti
• To augment is to insert an extra letter and the pāḷi term for it is āgama.
  • Majjhima purisa, bahuvacana, ajjatanī of the root paṭh (reads): paṭhittha (augmented i)
• “a” is not added to the beginning of verbs in the sense of negation (“not”).
• The ending of the root gam often changes into cch.

• Ajjatanī vibhatti (terminations)

  person	singular	plural
  3rd pp.	ī, i	uṁ, iṁsu
  2nd pp.	o, (i)	ttha
  1st pp.	iṁ	mhā, mha

• In ajjatanī vibhatti when the verbal termination ends with a consonant and the first letter of the verbal termination is also a consonant, the vowel “i” is augmented in between

• Ajjatanī vibhatti declension of (gam)

  singular	plural
  agacchī, gacchī, agacchi, gacchi	agacchuṁ, gacchuṁ, aggachiṁsu, gacchiṁsu
  agaccho, gaccho, agacchi, gacchi	agacchittha, gacchittha
  agacchiṁ, gacchiṁ	agacchimhā, gacchimhā, agacchimha, gacchimha

• Roots:
  • R: bhuj: eats
  • R: mar: dies (s.w. m)

• Declension of kamma (nt.) (cittādigaṇa)

  case	singular
  ins.	kammunā, kammanā
  dat. / gen.	kammuno
  abl.	kammunā
  loc.	kammani

  • 1. smā nāva brahmā ca not found in kaccāyana / saddanīti
  • mem aid: citta + unā, anā, uno, unā, ani

Lesson 3 - Adjectives

• Words that modify nouns are called nāmavisesana in Pāḷi. They are the adjectives.
• Words that are modified by adjectives are called ‘visesya’ – substantive (that which is modified).
• In most cases the visesana and the visesya agree in gender, case and number.

Notes from the exercises

• Modifier (visesana)
  • The adjective or word that acts as a qualifier to a noun modifying it is called visesana such as:
    • Rasso pāṇo sadā paṇṇe bhuñji.
      • Rasso (visesana pada) modifies the noun pāṇo giving more information about it and agreeing in gender, case and number (purisaliṅga, paṭhamā vibhatti, ekavacana).
    • Bālā dārakā uṇhaṁ aggiṁ upagacchiṁsu.
      • Bālā (visesana pada) modifies the noun dārakā also agreeing in gender, case and number (purisaliṅga, paṭhamā vibhatti, bahuvacana) and uṇhaṁ does the same to the object aggiṁ (purisaliṅga, dutiyāvibhatti, ekavacana)
• Modified (visesya)
  • The noun that is modified by the adjective is in turn named visesya (modified) and is that which the adjective qualifies giving it more qualities. Example:
    • Sīghā meghā vehāse caliṁsu.
      • In this case the noun meghā (visesya) is modified by sīghā specifying what type of clouds.
    • Migo vane santaṁ sambuddhaṁ olokī.
      • In this sentence santaṁ qualifies the noun sambuddhaṁ which is acting as object.

Lesson 4 - Kaññādigaṇa

• What is the gender of the nouns in kaññādigaṇa?: itthiliṅga
• What kāranta are the nouns in kaññādigaṇa?: ākāranta

• Declension of kaññā (kaññādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	kaññā	kaññā, kaññāyo
  voc.	(bhoti) kaññe	(bhotiyo) kaññā, kaññāyo
  acc.	kaññaṁ	kaññā, kaññāyo
  ins. / abl.	kaññāya	kaññāhi, kaññābhi
  dat.	kaññāya	kaññānaṁ
  loc.	kaññāya, kaññāyaṁ	kaññāsu

  • bhavanta + ī ⇒ bhavantī / bhotī
  • note:
    • the words parisā and sabhā have an additional locative form as parisati, parisatiṁ, sabhati, sabhatiṁ
    • the words ammā, annā, and ambā have as vocative amma, ammā instead of amme (X)
• Vocative singular of ammā and annā (exception in the kaññādigaṇa): (bhoti) amma, ammā and (bhoti) anna, annā.

Lesson 5 - Gerund

• The Pāḷi rendering of gerund is ‘pubbakāla kiriyā’
• “So gehaṁ pavisitvā mañce asayi”. Of these two verbs which one is the main one?: Both are equally important but the main emphasis is on the final verb “asayi”.
• What is the definition of a gerund? (In English): The word that expresses an action which had occurred prior to the final action.
• How are pubbakālakiriyā (gerunds) constructed?: They are constructed by adding the suffix ‘tvā’ or ‘tvāna’ to the end of roots or verbal bases.
• In which of the 4 groups of nouns are gerund considered to be?: Gerunds are considered as indeclinable particles.
• Less common suffixes used for gerunds: the suffixes -tuna (khādituna, labhituna) and -ya (nikkhamma, āgamma).
  • -ya (only some cases)
    • How is the gerund āgamma and nikkhamma formed?
      • Root gam: +ya (āgamya) ⇒ āgamma
      • Root kam: +ya (nikkhamiya) ⇒ nikkhamya ⇒ nikkhamma
• When a gerund suffix is added to a root the vowel ‘i’ may be augmented (āgama) before it.
• The gerund can also express samānakāla (an action occuring simultaneously with the main verb) apart from the pubbakāla sometimes

Lesson 6 - Imperative mood

• Pañcamī vibhatti (Imperative mood) is normally used to indicate what?: an order or a wish.

• Pañcamī vibhatti verbal terminations:

  person	singular	plural
  3rd pp.	-tu	-antu
  2nd pp.	(a)-hi	-tha
  1st pp.	(ā)-mi	(ā)-ma

• How to say “may he not see” and “do not go” in imperative mood?
  • “so mā passatu. mā gacchāhi.”

Lesson 7 - Guṇavādigaṇa

• How are nouns like guṇavant constructed? adding the suffix -vant / -mant to the noun stem
• The suffix -vantu / -mantu indicate the possessor of something.
• These nouns from guṇavādigaṇa can be declined in which genders?: all three genders
• There is another suffix -mantu which has a similar meaning to that of -vantu. They are also in guṇavādigaṇa and are declined similarly.
• Nouns belonging to this group can be used as stand-alone nouns and also as modifiers (adjectives) of other nouns.
• In traditional grammar the suffix is -vantu but since u does not appear in any declension, modern scholars use -vant.
• After akāranta and ākāranta nouns the suffix added is -vantu, and after nouns ending in other vowels the suffix added is -mantu.
• Extra suffix that is used apart from -vantu and -mantu: imantu (candimā, puttimā)
• When a letter is removed it is called (in English) elision (to elide)
• Nouns stems can end in 8 letters: a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, o, ṁ

• Declension of guṇavantu (m.) (guṇavādigaṇa)

  singular	plural
  guṇavā, guṇavanto	guṇavanto, guṇavantā
  (bho) guṇavaṁ, guṇava, guṇavā	(bhonto) “
  guṇavaṁ, guṇavantaṁ	guṇavante
  guṇavatā, guṇavantena	guṇavantehi, guṇavantebhi
  guṇavato, guṇavassa, guṇavantassa	guṇavataṁ, guṇavantānaṁ
  guṇavatā, guṇavantasmā, guṇavantamhā, guṇavantā	guṇavantehi, guṇavantebhi
  guṇavati, guṇavantasmiṁ, guṇavantamhi, guṇavante	guṇavantesu

  • mem aid:
    • -vant + purisa
    • forms with va:
      • ā / nto
      • ṁ / nto
      • ṁ
      • tā
      • to ssa / taṁ
      • tā
      • ti

• Declension of guṇavantu (nt.) (guṇavādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	guṇavaṁ, (guṇavantaṁ [nrt])	guṇavantā, guṇavantāni, guṇavanti
  voc.		”
  acc.		guṇavante, guṇavantāni, guṇavanti

  • (….the rest as m.)
  • note:

    • mem aid:

      case	singular	plural
      nom. & acc.	guṇavaṁ	guṇavanti

    • nrt: nom. sg. also guṇavantaṁ

• Declension of guṇavantu f. (guṇavādigaṇa)
  • guṇavantī (the same as itthī)
• According to Rūpasiddhi, only himavantu has two forms as himavā, himavanto in nominative singular. Other stems in this group only have one form in nominative singular as guṇavā, sīlavā, dhanavā etc.
• According to Rūpasiddhi, only the stems satimantu and bandhumantu have satimaṃ, bandhumaṃ in accusative singular and satimassa, bandhumassa in dative/gentivie singular. Other stems do not have such forms.
• The suffix used in guṇavā, sīlavā, and himavā is vantu. In satimā and bandhumā, the suffix is mantu. In bhuttavā, it is tavantu. In ettāvā, it is tāvantu. In yāvā, it is āvantu and in candimā, it is imantu.