Lesson 8 - Future tense

• The future tense is called in pāḷi: bhavissantī vibhatti

• Verbal terminations of bhavissantī vibhatti:

  person	singular	plural
  3rd pp.	ssati	ssanti
  2nd pp.	ssasi	ssatha
  1st pp.	ssāmi	ssāma

• In bhavissantī vibhatti the vowel “i” is augmented (āgama) between the root and the verbal termination

• Bhavissantī vibhatti declension of gam

  person	singular	plural
  3rd pp.	gacchissati	gacchissanti
  2nd pp.	gacchissasi	gacchissatha
  1st pp.	gacchissāmi	gacchissāma
  3rd pp.	gamissati	gamissanti
  2nd pp.	gamissasi	gamissatha
  1st pp.	gamissāmi	gamissāma

Lesson 9 - Missaka kiriyā and gacchantādigaṇa

• Actions that are done simultaneously with the main action of a sentence are called missaka-kiriyā
• In Pāḷi, missaka-kiriyās are constructed by adding the suffixes ‘anta’ and ‘māna’ to roots or verbal bases
• In which genders can Missakakiriyās be declined? in all three genders
• Words ending in -māna when declined in masculine gender are declined similar to the noun purisa. When they refer to a feminine noun they are declined as the noun kaññā. When they refer to a neuter noun they are declined like the noun citta. Words ending with the suffix -anta have a different declension but similar to guṇavādigaṇa with one exception in the nominative singular case.

• Declension of gacchanta m. (gacchantādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	gacchaṃ, gacchanto	gacchantā, gacchanto

  • (the rest as guṇavantu)
  • mem aid:
    • apart from gacchaṁ, the rest is the same as guṇavantu
  • note:
    • arahanta and mahanta both have arahā and mahā as nominative singular
    • santa has sabbhi as ins./abl. plural as well
    • why are they 2 groups?
      • suffixes are different
        • guṇavādi: ending in -u, similar meanings
        • gacchanta: -anta
      • though the declension is mostly similar, some words have different forms (karonta, mahanta, arahanta…)

• Declension of gacchanta nt. (gacchantādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	gacchaṃ, gacchantaṁ	gacchantā, gacchantāni, gacchanti
  acc.	gacchaṁ, gacchantaṁ	gacchante, gacchantāni, gacchanti

  • (the rest as m.)
  • mem aid:
    • close to citta
    • nom. gacchantaṁ, -nti

• Declension of karonta m. (gacchantādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	karaṁ, karonto	karontā, karonto
  voc.	(bho) karonta, karontā	karontā, karonto
  acc.	karontaṁ	karonte
  dat.	karoto, karontassa	karotaṁ, karontānaṁ

  • mem aid:
    • like gacchanta but with ‘o’ and long forms
    • voc., acc., longer forms
    • dat. no short form as gacchassa
• 
• 3 main functions of missakakiriyā:
  • as missakakiriyā
  • as stand-alone nouns
  • as adjectives
• “a” may be augmented between the root and the suffix -māna (pac + māna ⇒ pacamāna)
• E may change to aya: (deseti ⇒ desayati)
• Missakakiriyās are under which of the 4 main divisions of words?: nāmapada (nouns)
• Other parts of the sentence, not only the verb, can also have objects, instruments and so on (guṇavā buddhaṁ namassanto tiṭṭhati - buddhaṁ is the object of namassanto)

Lesson 10 - Infinitive and pronouns

• Tumanta: (tuṁ + anta) infinitive
• In Pāḷi, infinitives are called tumanta and are made by adding the suffix ‘tuṃ’ to roots or verbal bases. Infinitives are that form of the verbs which merely name the action such as ‘to go’, ‘to do’ and so on.
• In most of the cases, when the infinitive suffix is added to the root, the vowel ‘i’ is augmented between the root and the vowel
• Why are pronouns called sabbanāma?: because most of them can be declined in any gender (tiliṅgika)
• Morphemes that can refer to nouns of all genders are called sabbanāma (pronouns) in Pāḷi
• There are twenty-seven sabbanāmas in Pāḷi. Some of them are sabba, katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña and amha. They are all categorized under the nominal group of sabbanāmagaṇa. It is one of the thirteen nominal groups.
• 11 / 13 nāmagaṇas (nominal groups)
  • purisādigaṇa (m., akāranta)
  • cittādigaṇa (nt., akāranta)
  • kaññādigaṇa (f., ākāranta)
  • manādigaṇa (mix gender, akaranta)
  • pumādigaṇa (m., akāranta)
  • rājādigaṇa (m., akāranta)
  • satthādigaṇa (m., ukāranta)
  • guṇavantādigaṇa (m., nt., ukāranta)
  • gacchantādigaṇa (m., ukāranta)
  • rattādigaṇa (mixed gender, ikāranta)
    • nadādigaṇa (īkāranta)
    • gahapatādigaṇa (inīkāranta)
  • sabbanāmagaṇa
  • mem aid: a man thinks of a woman who thinks of a man who is a king who wants to pay respect to a teacher who has qualities; (the king) goes during the night to the river together with his house-lady who knows all names

• Declension of the pronoun ‘amha’ (sabbanāmagaṇa) (aliṅgika)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	ahaṃ	mayaṃ, amhe, no
  acc.	maṃ, mamaṃ	amhe, amhākaṃ, no
  ins.	mayā, me	amhehi, amhebhi, no
  dat./gen.	mama, mamaṁ, mayhaṃ, me, amhaṃ	amhaṃ, amhākaṃ, asmākaṃ, no
  abl.	mayā	amhehi, amhebhi
  loc.	mayi	amhesu

  • note: vo, no, te, me in the declensions of tumha and amha are never used in the beginning of a sentence - they are used at least after one term

• Most of the declensions of sabbanāma do not have the vocative case

• Declension of the pronoun ‘tumha’ (sabbanāmagaṇa) (aliṅgika)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	tvaṃ, tuvaṃ	tumhe, vo
  acc.	taṃ, tavaṃ, tvaṃ, tuvaṃ	tumhe, tumhākaṃ, vo
  ins.	tayā, tvayā, te	tumhehi, -bhi, vo
  dat./gen.	tava, tuyhaṃ, te, tumhaṃ	tumhaṃ, tumhākaṃ, vo
  abl.	tayā, tvayā	tumhehi, -bhi
  loc.	tayi, tvayi	tumhesu

  • note: vo, no, te, me in the declensions of tumha and amha are never used in the beginning of a sentence - they are used at least after one term
• Me, te, no, and vo should not be at the beginning of a sentence, not even at the beginning of a line of a verse

Lesson 11 - Optative mood

• Permission (anumati) and assumption (parikappa) are expressed through the sattamī vibhatti verbs in Pāḷi. This mood is translated as optative.
• Anumati: permission
• Parikappa: assumption

• Sattamī vibhatti

  person	singular	plural
  3rd pp.	eyya	eyyuṃ
  2nd pp.	eyyāsi	eyyātha
  1st pp.	eyyāmi	eyyāma

• Gam – sattamī vibhatti

  singular	plural
  gaccheyya	gaccheyyuṃ
  gaccheyyāsi	gaccheyyātha
  gaccheyyāmi	gaccheyyāma

• Sattamī vibhatti is used to express supposition, doubt, possibility, mild command, request, invitation, courteous question and also a prayer. These verbs may be translated into English by using the auxiliary verbs ‘may, might, should’ or ‘would.

• Declension of ‘rāja’ (m.) (rājādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	rājā	rājāno
  voc.	(bho) rāja, rājā	(bhonto) rājāno
  acc.	rājaṃ, rājānaṃ	rājāno
  ins.	raññā, rājinā, rājena	rājehi, rājebhi, rājūhi, rājūbhi
  dat./gen.	rañño, rājino	raññaṃ, rājānaṃ, rājūnaṃ
  abl.	raññā (, rājasmā, rājamhā)	rājehi, rājebhi, rājūhi, rājūbhi
  loc.	raññe, rājini	rājesu, rājūsu

  • note: rājasmā, rājamhā are only found in Niruttidīpanī

Lesson 12 - Rattādigaṇa

• Rattādigaṇa includes nouns of which genders and kārantas (with example word)?
  • masculine
    • ā (sā)
    • i (aggi)
    • ī (daṇḍī)
    • u (bhikkhu)
    • ū (sayambhū)
    • o (go)
    • note: all except ‘a’
  • neuter
    • i (aṭṭhi)
    • ī (sukhakārī)
    • u (cakkhu)
    • ū (gotrabhū)
  • feminine
    • i (ratti)
    • ī (itthī)
    • u (yāgu)
    • ū (vadhū)
• Sā (m.): dog (s.w. s)

• Declension of ratti (f.; rattādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	ratti	rattī, rattiyo, ratyo
  voc.	(bhoti) “	(bhotiyo) “
  acc.	rattiṃ, (rattiyaṁ, rattinaṁ [nrtdpn])	”
  ins./abl.	rattiyā, ratyā	rattīhi, rattībhi, rattihi, rattibhi
  dat./gen.	”	rattīnaṃ, rattinaṃ
  loc.	”, rattiyaṃ, ratyaṁ, ratto	rattīsu, rattisu

  • note:
    • ‘rattiyaṁ’ from: “bujjhassu jinabodhiyaṃ”
    • ‘rattinaṁ’ from: “yāvanto purisassatthaṃ, guyhaṃ jānanti mantinaṃ.”
    • ratto is exclusive to ratti

• Declension of yāgu (f.) (rattādigaṇa)

  singular	plural
  yāgu	yāgū, yāguyo
  (bhoti) “	(bhotiyo) “
  yāguṃ	”
  yāguyā	yāgūhi, yāgūbhi, yāguhi, yāgubhi
  ”	yāgūnaṃ, yāgunaṃ
  ”, yāguyaṃ	yāgūsu, yāgusu

• Declension of vadhū (f.) (rattādigaṇa)

  singular	plural
  vadhū	vadhū, vadhuyo
  (bhoti) vadhu	(bhotiyo) vadhū, vadhuyo
  vadhuṃ	vadhū, vadhuyo
  vadhuyā	vadhūhi, vadhūbhi
  vadhuyā	vadhūnaṃ
  vadhuyā, vadhuyaṃ	vadhūsu

• Atha kho bhagavā rattiyā paṭhamaṃ yāmaṃ paṭiccasamuppādaṃ manasākāsi.
  • paṭhamaṁ yāmaṁ is in accusative but it means locative. Accusative is sometimes used instead of locative.

Lesson 13 - Nominal groups of nadī (nadādigaṇa) and gahapatānī (gahapatādi gaṇa)

• Nominal groups of nadī and gahapatānī contains only nouns of the feminine gender ending in ‘ī’. Their declensions are identical. They are recognized as two different nominal groups due to the difference of formation of nouns in these groups. Feminine nouns of the group nadādi are constructed by adding the suffix ‘ī’, whereas the suffix ‘inī’ is added to construct nouns pertaining to the nominal group gahapatādi.
• Long vowels are not shortened and short vowels may be lengthened.

• Declension of itthī (f.) (rattādigaṇa / nadādigaṇa)

  case	singular	plural
  nom.	itthī	itthī, itthiyo
  voc.	(bhoti) itthi	(bhotiyo) “
  acc.	itthiṃ, itthiyaṃ	”
  ins./abl.	itthiyā	itthīhi, itthībhi
  dat./gen.	”	itthīnaṃ
  loc.	”, itthiyaṃ	itthīsu

  • mem aid: as ratti but with itthiyaṁ as acc. and no short forms
  • note:
    • paṭhavī has the short forms pathabyā and pathabyaṃ where it applies
    • nadī has the short forms najjo, najjā, najjaṁ where it applies
    • pokkharaṇī has pokkharañño in plural of paṭhamā, ālapana, and dutiyā, pokkharaññā in singular of tatiyā and pokkharaññaṃ in singular of sattamī
• The declension of nouns pertaining to the group of gahapatānī is similar to that of nouns of the nadī group.

• There are three suffixes used to construct feminine nouns: ‘ā’, ‘ī’ and ‘inī’.

• If a visesana itself has a visesana it should be in the instrumental case (Nātho paripuṇṇaṁ parisuddhaṁ brahmacariyaṁ pakāseti - if paripuṇṇaṁ were the visesana of parisuddhaṁ it would be paripuṇṇena)
• So puriso upāsako bhavi (puriso is the pakati kattu (original subject) and upāsako is the vikati kattu (changed subject)

Notes from the exercises

• Decline the following nouns: taruṇī and bhikkhuṇī

  • taruṇī (nadādigaṇa)

    singular	plural
    taruṇī	taruṇī, taruṇiyo
    bhoti taruṇi	bhotiyo taruṇī, taruṇiyo
    taruṇiṁ, taruniyaṁ	taruṇī, taruṇiyo
    taruṇiyā	taruṇīhi, taruṇībhi
    taruṇiyā	taruṇīnaṁ
    taruṇiyā, taruṇiyaṁ	taruṇīsu

  • bhikkhuṇī (gahapatādigaṇa)

    singular	plural
    bhikkhuṇī	bhikkhuṇī, bhikkhuṇiyo
    bhoti bhikkhuṇi	bhotiyo bhikkhuṇī, bhikkhuṇiyo
    bhikkhuṇiṁ, bhikkhuṇiyaṁ	bhikkhuṇī, bhikkhuṇiyo
    bhikkhuṇiyā	bhikkhuṇīhi, bhikkhuṇībhi
    bhikkhuṇiyā	bhikkhuṇīnaṁ
    bhikkhuṇiyā, bhikkhuṇiyaṁ	bhikkhuṇīsu

• I. Gerunds are: Gerunds (pubbakālakiriyā) are the nipātapada which express an action done before the final action of a sentence. They are constructed by adding the suffix -tvā (in most cases) to the verbal root/base
• Ii. Missaka-kiriyā are: nāmapadas formed by adding the suffix -anta / -māna to verbal bases / roots that can be declined in the three genders and can perform the three functions of missakakiriyā (expressing an action performed simultaneously with the main action), stand-alone nouns or nāmavisesanas (adjectives)
• Iii. visesana and visesya are: nāmapadas declined in the same liṅga (gender), vibhatti (case) and vacana (number) and that act as noun modifiers (visesana) and the nouns that are modified (visesya)
• Iv. Anumati and parikappa: Anumati (permission) is one of the functions of the sattamī vibhatti of the ākhyātapadas. Parikappa is the other function which is to express assumptions. They are both constructed by adding the verbal terminations (such as eyya, eyyuṁ…) to verbal bases/roots.