Pāḷi Pāṭha Sikkhā — Chapter 3, Part 3

Lesson 11

Declension of akkhi - neuter noun ending in “i” (rattādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
nom.	akkhi	akkhī, akkhīni
voc.	(bho) akkhi	(bhavantāni) akkhī, akkhīni
acc.	akkhiṃ	akkhī, akkhīni
ins.	akkhinā	akkhīhi, akkhībhi, akkhihi, akkhibhi
dat/gen.	akkhino, akkhissa	akkhīnaṃ, akkhinaṃ
abl.	akkhinā, akkhismā, akkhimhā	akkhīhi, akkhībhi, akkhihi, akkhibhi
loc.	akkhismiṃ, akkhimhi	akkhīsu, akkhisu

The remaining forms are equal to that of aggi (m.):
some neuter gender nouns ending in ‘i’:

niggahīta sandhi

ñakārādesa sandhi: sandhi in which the ṁ, when followed by ‘h’, ‘e’ and ‘y’, changes into ñ
- ṁ + h > ñh: evaṃ + hi > evañhi (evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ) ṁ + e > ññe (double): paccattaṃ + eva > paccattaññeva (paccattaññeva parinibbissāmi) ṁ + y > ññ: saṃ + yācikāya > saññācikāya (saññācikāya pana bhikkhunā kuṭiṃ kārayamānena)

parassara dīgha sandhi

sandhi in which the previous vowel is elided and the following is lengthened (vuddhi) such as: buddha + anussati > buddh + anussati > buddh + ānussati > buddhānussati; yāni + idha > yānīdha (yānīdha bhūtāni samāgatāni); appassuto + ayaṃ > appassutāyaṃ (appassutāyaṃ puriso); saddhā + idha > saddhīdha (saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ)

Lesson 12

Declension of the noun mātu (f.; satthādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
nom.	mātā	mātaro
voc.	(bhoti) māta, “	(bhotiyo) “
acc.	mātaraṃ, (mātuṁ [nrtdpn])	mātaro, mātare
ins/abl.	mātuyā, mātyā, mātarā	mātūhi, mātūbhi, mātarehi, mātarebhi
dat/gen.	mātu, mātuyā, mātyā, mātussa	mātūnaṁ, mātānaṁ, mātarānaṁ
loc.	mātuyā, mātyā, mātuyaṃ, mātyaṃ, mātari	mātūsu, mātaresu

mem aid:
- closely related to pitu
- pitunā > mātuyā, mātyā
- extra forms in abl. and loc.
note:
- dhītu / duhitu (daughter) are similarly declined but without the shortened forms mātyā or mātyaṁ

Declension of the noun dhītu / duhitu (f.) (satthādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
nom.	dhītā	dhītaro
voc.	(bhoti) dhīta, dhītā	(bhotiyo) dhītaro
acc.	dhītaraṃ	dhītaro
ins. & abl.	dhītuyā, dhītarā	dhītūhi, ūbhi, dhītarehi, ebhi
dat/gen.	dhītu, dhītuyā, dhītussa	dhītūnaṁ, dhītarānaṁ, dhītānaṁ
loc.	dhītuyā, dhītuyaṃ, dhītari	dhītūsu, dhītaresu

mem aid:
- same as mātu, without the mātyā and mātyaṁ forms
  niggahīta sandhi

niggahīta lopa sandhi (sara / vyañjana)

sandhi in which the niggahīta is elided, when followed by either a vowel (vidūnaṃ + aggaṃ > vidūna + aggaṃ > vidūnaggaṃ (a remains short due to the saññoga that follows)) or a consonant (ariyasaccānaṃ + dassanaṃ > ariyasaccānadassanaṃ)
note:
- sometimes the object is written in the genitive case: kammassa karaṇaṁ ariyasaccānaṁ dassanaṁ > ariyasaccāna dassanaṁ etaṁ buddhāna(ṁ) sāsanaṁ

niggahīta āgama sandhi

sandhi in which a niggahīta is inserted cakkhu + udapādi > cakkhuṃ udapādi sometimes between two letters: ta + sampayuttā > taṃsampayuttā (taṃsampayuttakānañca dhammānaṃ)
niggahīta sandhi:
- lopa
  - sara
  - vyañjana
- āgama
  - sara
  - vyañjana

Lesson 13

when is the suffix -āya used in the purisādigaṇa?
- when the dative case of the purisādigaṇa has the meaning of “for”, the suffix used is -āya instead of -assa (tassatthāya “for his benefit”), therefore “namo buddhāya” is not in accordance with the pāḷi grammar but is a sanskritization, since the sanskrit grammar allows such use
27 sabbanāmas (pronouns) in Pāḷi (divided into 6 groups):
- sabba, katara, katama, ubhaya (collection of 2), itara, añña
- aññatara, aññatama
  - all above are decined as sabba
    - except sabba and ubhaya, the others have ‘i’ form as katarissa
- pubba, para, apara, dakkhiṇa, uttara, adhara
  - decined as sabba, but with added purisādi forms in m. and nt., nom.pl., abl.sg. and loc.sg. - pubbā, pubbe
- (from here onwards, no ālapana and each with its own declension)
- ya (like sabba), ta, eta, ima, amu, kiṃ
- eka, ubha, dvi, ti, catu
- tumha, amha

cakārādesa sandhi

sandhi in which the syllable ‘ti’ of the prefixes ‘ati-‘, ‘pati-‘ and indeclinable ‘iti’, is substituted by the consonant ‘c’ which is then doubled as ‘cc’ (due to dvebhāvasandhi) pati- (pati + ayo > pac + ayo > paccayo) ati- (ati + antaṃ > ac + antaṃ > accantaṃ) iti (iti + etaṃ > ic + etaṃ > iccetaṃ)

Dakārādi avasesa ādesa sandhi

sandhi in which the consonant ‘dh’ changes into ‘d’ (ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṁ ⇒ ekamidha + ahaṃ ⇒ ekamidh + ahaṃ ⇒ ekamidh + āhaṃ ⇒ ekamid + āhaṃ ⇒ ekamidāhaṃ)
sandhi in which the consonant ‘dh’ changes into ‘h’ when followed by ‘u’ (sādhu dassanamariyānaṃ ⇒ sāhu dassanamariyānaṃ)

Yakārādesa sandhi

sandhi in which the vowels ‘e’ and ‘i’ are substituted by ‘y’, when followed by a vowel and a dissimilar vowel respectively ‘e’ + vowel (me + ayaṃ > my + ayaṃ > myāyaṃ [adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo]) (note: a becoming ā is a vyañjana sandhi) ‘i’ + dissimilar vowel (paṭisanthāravutti + assa > paṭisaṅthāravuttyassa > paṭisaṅthāravutyassa (tty becomes ty due to another sandhi)
- according to grammar, when three consonants are together and two of them are similar, the first among them will be elided; this is called byañjana visaṃyoga

Vakārādesa sandhi

sandhi in which the vowels ‘o’ and ‘u’, when followed by a vowel, are substituted by ‘v’ ‘o’ + vowel (atha kho assa > atha khvassa) ‘u’ + vowel (anu + eti ⇒ anveti)

Abbha-ajjha ādesa sandhi

sandhi in which the prefixes ‘abhi’ and ‘adhi’, when followed by a vowel, are substituted by ‘abbha’ and ‘ajjha’ respectively abhi -> abbha (abhi + okāso -> abbha + okāso -> abbhokāso [pubbassaralopasandhi]) adhi -> ajjha (adhi + agama -> ajjha + agamā -> ajjhagamā)

Lesson 14

why the verb labhati is with a short a, while the noun lābha is with a long ā?: because the noun is constructed by adding the vikaraṇapaccaya ṇa as so: labh + (ṇ)a > lābha (noun) labh + a + ti > labhati (verb)
-tha (suffix) (tattha, yattha, kattha, kuttha, sabbattha, ettha [eta+tha]): suffix added to pronouns with locative meaning, sometimes meaning “to” as the goal of motion; the word becomes a nipāta
5 types of nāma (nouns)
- nāmanāma (proper nouns)
- sabbanāma (pronouns)
- samāsanāma (compound nouns): constructed by combining two nouns
- taddhitanāma (secondary derivatives): constructed by adding a suffix to a noun
- kitakanāma (primary derivative): constructed by adding a suffix to a root (tbc)
divādigaṇa verbs may have active or passive meaning such as nassati or muccati; since the vikaraṇa paccaya used in both meanings is ya

vyañjana sandhi

lopāgama sandhi: sandhi in which the vowel ‘o’ is elided, and ‘a’ is inserted when followed by a consonant so + ve = sa ve ([sa ve kāsāvamarahati])
o ādesa sandhi: sandhi in which the prefix ava- is substituted by the vowel ‘o’ when followed by a consonant (ava + sānaṃ ⇒ o + sānaṃ ⇒ osānaṃ; the same occurs to okāso, otarati, and oruhati)
paṭi ādesa sandhi: sandhi in which the prefix pati- changes into paṭi- when followed by a vowel or a consonant (paṭaggi dātabbo [pati + aggi ⇒ paṭi + aggi])
dīgha sandhi: sandhi in which a vowel is lengthened when followed by a consonant; this mostly happens in gāthās (evaṃ gāme munī care [muni + care])
rassa sandhi: sandhi in which a vowel is shortened when followed by a consonant; this mostly happens in gāthās (puggalā dhammadasā > puggala dhammadasā)
asadisa dvebhāva sandhi: when an aspirated consonant is duplicated, its unaspirated counterpart is augmented (paṭhama + jhāna > paṭhamajjhānaṃ)

Lesson 15

Asavaṇṇādesasandhi

sandhi in which the vowels i / ī is substituted by e, and the vowels u / ū are substituted by o; these substitutions happen only when the dissimilar previous vowel is elided (upa + ikkhati = upekkhati) (yathā udake ⇒ yath_ + odake ⇒ yathodake)
the vowels e and o do not have another vowel with similar sound so they are called asavaṇṇa

Sandhi chart

sarasandhi
- lopa
  - pubba sara lopa (s + s > _ + s) (loka + aggo ⇒ lok_ + aggo = lokaggo)
  - para sara lopa (s + ≠s > s + _) (cattāro + ime = cattārome)
- ādesa
  - asavaṇṇādesa (≠s + i / ī > e | ≠s + u / ū > o) (upekkhati) (yathodake)
  - cakārādesa (pati / ati / iti > c > cc [dvebhāva]) (paccayo) (accantaṁ) (iccetaṁ)
  - dakārādi avasesa ādesa (dh + s > d | dh + s > h) (ekamidāhaṃ) (sāhu) (sugato)
  - yakārādesa (e + s > y | i + ≠s > y) (tyāhaṃ) (vutyassa)
  - vakārādesa (o / u + s > v + s) (khvassa) (anveti)
  - abbha-/ajjha-ādesa (abhi + s > abbha | adhi + s > ajjha) (abbhokāso) (ajjhagamā)
  - mem aid: following the alphabet: e and o (from the vowels), ca, da, ya, va, abhi/adhi
- dīgha
  - pubba sara dīgha (s + s > vu + _) (sādhu + iti ⇒ sādhū + _ti ⇒ sādhūti)
  - para sara dīgha (s + s > _ + vu) (buddha + anussati ⇒ buddh_ + ānussati ⇒ buddhānussati)
- āgama (s + s > s + yvmdntrl + s)
  - yakārāgama (nayidaṃ)
  - vakārāgama (tivaṅgikaṃ)
  - makārāgama (idhamāhu)
  - dakārāgama (udayo)
  - nakārāgama (ito + āyati = ito nāyati)
  - takārāgama (tasmātiha)
  - rakārāgama (nirantaraṃ)
  - lakārāgama (chaḷabhiññā)
    - there is no difference between l and ḷ; in pāḷi ḷ is used in the place of ḍ in sanskrit
- note:
  - s = sara
  - rs = rasa sara
  - ≠ = dissimilar
  - b = byañjana
  - mp = mahāpāṇa
  - vu = vuddhi
  - vgk = vaggakkhara
  - vgtb = vaggantabyañjana
byañjanasandhi
- lopāgama (o + b > _ + b > a + b) (esa dhammo sanantano)
- ādesa
  - o ādesa (ava + b > o + b) (okāsa)
  - paṭi ādesa (pati > paṭi) (paṭihaññati)
- dīgha (s + b > vu + b) (munī care)
- rassa (s + b > rs + b) (puggala dhammadasā)
- āgama
  - dvebhāva āgama
    - sadisa dvebhāva (pa + kamati > pakkamati)
    - asadisa dvebhāva (mp + mp > b + mp [kh + kh > kkh]) (paṭhama jhāna > paṭhamajjhāna)
- note:
  - s = sara
  - rs = rasa sara
  - ≠ = dissimilar
  - b = byañjana
  - mp = mahāpāṇa
  - vu = vuddhi
  - vgk = vaggakkhara
  - vgtb = vaggantabyañjana
niggahītasandhi
- lopa
  - niggahīta lopa sandhi (ṁ + s/b > _ + s/b)
    - followed by sara: (tāsāhaṃ = tāsaṃ + ahaṃ) (here followed by a parassara dīgha sandhi)
    - followed by byañjana: (ariyasaccāna_ dassanaṃ)
  - parassara lopa sandhi (ṁ + s > ṁ + _) (tvaṃ_si)
- ādesa
  - vaggantādesa (ṁ + vgk > vgtb + vgk) (taṇhaṅkaro = taṇhaṃ + karo)
  - ñakārādesa (ṁ + h/e/y > ñ + h/e/y) (tañhi = taṃ + hi) (paccattaññeva = paccattaṃ + eva) (saññojanaṃ = saṃ + yojanaṃ)
  - makāra ādesa (ṁ + s > m + s) (tamahaṃ = taṃ + ahaṃ)
  - dakāra ādesa (ya/ta/eta + ṁ > ya/ta/eta + d) (etaṃ + avoca = etadavoca)
- āgama
  - niggahītāgama sandhi (s/b + s/b > s/b + ṁ + s/b) (cakkhu + udapādi > cakkhuṃ udapādi)
- note:
  - s = sara
  - rs = rasa sara
  - ≠ = dissimilar
  - b = byañjana
  - mp = mahāpāṇa
  - vu = vuddhi
  - vgk = vaggakkhara
  - vgtb = vaggantabyañjana

Lesson 16

Declension of the pronoun ‘sabba’ (applies for katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña, aññatara, aññatama [,ya without vocative, and ekacce only in plural])

masculine declension

case	singular	plural
nom.	sabbo	sabbe
voc.	(bho) sabba, sabbā	(bhonto) sabbe
acc.	sabbaṃ	sabbe
ins.	sabbena	sabbehi, sabbebhi
dat./gen.	sabbassa	sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ
abl.	sabbasmā, sabbamhā	sabbehi, sabbebhi
loc.	sabbasmiṃ, sabbamhi	sabbesu

note: no sabbā in nom. pl.

neuter declension

case	singular	plural
nom.	sabbaṃ	sabbe (tbc), sabbāni
voc.	(bho) sabba, sabbā	(bhavantāni) sabbe, sabbāni
acc.	sabbaṃ	sabbe, sabbāni

(the remaining as masculine)

feminine declension

case	singular	plural
nom.	sabbā	sabbā, sabbāyo
voc.	(bhoti) sabbe	(bhotiyo) sabbā, sabbāyo
acc.	sabbaṃ	sabbā, sabbāyo
ins./abl.	sabbāya, sabbassā	sabbāhi, sabbābhi
dat./gen.	sabbāya, sabbassā	sabbāsaṃ, sabbāsānaṃ
loc.	sabbāya, sabbāyaṃ, sabbassā, sabbassaṃ	sabbāsu

mem aid: close to kaññā with the added -ss versions
note:
- except for ubhaya (and sabba) (and also ya), the others in this group, in their feminine declensions, instead of katarassā and katarassaṁ, have the forms katarissā and katarissaṁ

Lesson 17

kālātipatti vibhatti (conditional mode)
- kālātipatti vibhatti is used to express:
  - an action that could have happened but didn’t
  - an action that could have happened but was prevented by to another action
  - the action that prevented the main action
  - note:
    - sometimes both actions are expressed by kālātipatti
      - ‘sace so paṭhamavaye pabbajjaṃ alabhissa, arahā abhavissa’
    - sometimes both sattamī and kālātipatti verbs are used in the same sentence
      - ‘sace sukkā dhammā lokaṃ na pāleyyuṃ, sambhedaṃ loko agamissa’
- verbal terminations of kālātipatti
  - (a)….(i)ssā, (a)….(i)ssa / (a)….(i)ssaṃsu
  - (a)….(i)sse / (a)….(i)ssatha
  - (a)….(i)ssaṃ / (a)….(i)ssāmhā, (a)….(i)ssāmha
  - note:
    - while forming verbs in the kālātipatti vibhatti, as in the case of ajjatanī vibhatti, the vowel ‘a’ is augmented at the beginning of the root and the vowel ‘i’ is augmented at the end of the root
    - long endings ā can become short a

conjugation of the kālātipatti vibhatti of √bhū – to exist

singular	plural
abhavissā, bhavissā, abhavissa, bhavissa	abhavissaṃsu, bhavissaṃsu
abhavisse, bhavisse	abhavissatha, bhavissatha
abhavissaṃ, bhavissaṃ	abhavissāmhā, bhavissāmhā, abhavissāmha, bhavissāmha