Lesson 18

Notes

• yāva sattamā kulaparivaṭṭā – ablative case is used together with the indeclinable yāva
• -tta (puttatta > putta + tta) and -tā (lahutā > lahu + tā) are suffixes that indicate the “nature” (bhāva) of the noun; they are called bhāva paccaya
• puttattā is in the ablative case; this usage of ablative case is called hetvatthe pañcamī – ablative case in the meaning of the cause such as, “avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā (kammic volitions arise due to ignorance)”
• selecting one noun out of a group is called niddhāraṇa; the group out of which the noun is selected is written in genitive or locative cases example: “dve brāhmaṇagāmā ahesuṃ, tesu upatissagāme…” (there were two brahmin villages, out of them, in the Upatissa village…)
• ordinal numbers from 1st to 10th and type of declensions
  • declined in all three genders (when masculine, like purisa, when neuter, like citta, and when feminine, like kaññā)
    • paṭhama
    • dutiya
    • tatiya
  • the following are the same as above but when feminine are declined as kaññā or nadī
    • catuttha
    • pañcama
    • chaṭṭha
    • sattama
    • aṭṭhama
    • navama
    • dasama
• when api is added after a number it refers to something happening to each of the things involved ex: ahaṁ tayopi purise passāmi (I see each of the three men)

Lesson 20

Notes

• kho pana: this is an indeclinable used to make the utterance of the sentence smooth. It has no meaning.
• mahā kho pana: mostly the morpheme mahā is found in samāsa as the compound form of the noun mahanta; rarely, it can occur as mahā even when there is no samāsa

Lesson 21

Notes

• ratanattayapakāsanatthaṃ - in this clause the meaning of the word pakāsanatthaṃ is “in order to express”; normally such meaning is expressed by “dative of purpose.”; however, in this example, one cannot see the dative case because it has been replaced by “aṃ.”
• ekasaṭṭhiyā arahantānaṃ - see that the cardinal number ekasaṭṭhi is written in the singular form. Cardinal numbers starting from 19 till 99 are written in feminine gender

Lesson 23 - samāsa

Introduction

• samāsa is
  • the act of combining (compounding) two or more words into one
  • the final compound becomes a single word with a single vibhatti
• vibhattyantaṁ padaṁ (if it has a case ending at its end it is a word) note: upasaggas have “non apparent” case endings suffixes, roots, stems…do not have vibhatti and are not part of speech
• examples
  • nīlaṃ vatthaṃ ⇒ nīlavatthaṃ nīlaṃ uppalaṃ ⇒ nīluppalaṃ paṇḍito puriso ⇒ paṇḍitapuriso
• general contruction of samāsa
  • both words lose their case endings
  • in their stem form they are compounded
  • a case ending is added to the final compound and, as it has one single vibhatti, it is one single word
• 2 purposes / benefits of samāsa (not for exam)
  • ekapadattaṁ (the state of having one word)
  • ekavibhattittaṁ (the state of having one case ending)
• the difference between sandhi and samāsa with an example
  • both sandhi and samāsa combine words, but in sandhi the case endings are not elided and the two words do not become one, while in samāsa both these grammatical functions happen
  • sandhi: lokassa + anto ⇒ lokassanto (2 words with their respective vibhattis)
  • samāsa: lokassa + anto ⇒ lokanto (one word with one single vibhatti) (pubbassaralopa sandhi has happened here as well)
  • note: sandhi can occur within samāsa
• 6 types of samāsa
  • kammadhārayasamāsa
  • digusamāsa
  • tappurisasamāsa
  • dvandasamāsa
  • bahubbīhisamāsa
  • abyayībhāvasamāsa
  • mem aid: work (kamma) ⇒ 2 cows (digu) ⇒ cowboy (tappurisa) ⇒ 2 & 2 (dvanda) ⇒ many paddy (bahubbīhi) ⇒ unchanging (avyayībhāva)

    Kammadhārayasamāsa

• the object (kamma) can hold (dhāraya) 2 things (not for exam)
  • kiriyaṁ (verb)
  • payojanaṁ (benefit)
• meaning of kammadhārayasamāsa
  • the compound that holds two names for the same object of reference
• kammadhāraya samāsa has 2 main features
  • the words are tulyādhikaraṇa pada (words in apposition: they refer to the same thing)
  • the meaning of the 2nd word is more prominent
• examples of kammadhāraya samāsa
  • paṇḍito puriso ⇒ paṇḍitapuriso (wise man) setaṃ chattaṃ ⇒ setacchattaṃ (white parasol) rattaṃ candanaṃ ⇒ rattacandanaṃ (red sandalwood) suvaco sisso ⇒ suvacasisso (obedient student) kāruṇiko samaṇo ⇒ kāruṇikasamaṇo (compassionate monk) ucco rukkho ⇒ uccarukkho (high tree) thūlo brāhmaṇo ⇒ thūlabrāhmaṇo (fat brahmin) bhinnaṃ sīlaṃ ⇒ bhinnasīlaṃ (broken sīla)
• construction of a kammadhārayasamāsa
  • both words are written in the nominative case (singular or plural): paṇḍito puriso
    • why? this is because only the nominative can stand alone without any other information needed, so whenever a word is written by itself in pāḷi it is written in nominative case
• The case ending of both words are elided: paṇdita purisa
• The word are combined: paṇḍitapurisa
• The final word is written in nominative case (but that word can be used in any case according to the context): paṇḍitapuriso

Digusamāsa

• digusamāsas are the kammadhārayasamāsas that have a cardinal number as the first noun and are mostly kept in neuter gender singular form
  • 2 types of digusamāsa
    • samāhāra digusamāsa (neuter singular) (more frequent)
      • tayo lokā ⇒ tilokaṁ
    • asamāhāra digusamāsa (all genders and numbers)
      • catasso disā ⇒ catuddisā
      • eko dhammo ⇒ ekadhammo
  • 3 features of digusamāsa
    • the two nouns are in apposition (tulyādhikaraṇa)
    • the first is an adjective of the second
    • of the final compound noun, the meaning of the last morpheme is more prominent over the other
    • the first word is a cardinal number
    • the final compound is written in neuter singular (if samāhāra: tilokaṁ) or any gender and number (if asamāhāra: catuddisā)
• examples:
  • tayo lokā ⇒ tilokaṁ tīṇi lakkhaṇāni ⇒ tilakkhaṇaṃ catasso disā ⇒ catuddisaṃ cha āyatanāni ⇒ saḷāyatanaṃ (cha ⇒ sa and ḷ is inserted) dve rattiyo ⇒ dvirattaṃ (the ending vowel i changes into a) tayo daṇḍā ⇒ tidaṇḍaṃ
• mahanta in samāsa
  • the noun mahanta (which belongs to the gacchantādigaṇa) changes into mahā mahanto puriso ⇒ mahāpuriso mahanto muni ⇒ mahāmuni and if the second noun begins with a double consonant the ending ā of the word mahā is shortened mahantaṃ phalaṃ ⇒ mahapphalaṃ mahantaṃ bhayaṃ ⇒ mahabbhayaṃ
• construction of a digusamāsa
  • both words are written in nominative case: tayo lokā
  • the case endings are elided: ti loka
  • the words are combined: tiloka
  • the final compound is written in neuter singular if samāhāradigu: tilokaṁ; or in any gender and number if asamāhāradigu: catuddisā

    Tappurisasamāsa

• tappurisa samāsa is
  • the resultant noun from the act of compounding two words with different vibhattis
  • in which the first word is in any of the cases other than nominative case
  • and the second word is prominent in meaning
  • each noun refers to a different object, hence they are not tulyādhikaraṇa but bhinnādhikaraṇa
  • it is of 6 kinds as dutiyā-, tatiyā-, catutthī-, pañcamī-, chaṭṭhī- and sattamī-tappurisa samāsa
  • example: sukhaṃ (acc.) patto (nom.) ⇒ sukha + patta ⇒ sukhappatta (one who has attained happiness)
• 6 types of tappurisa samāsa, according to the nāmavibhatti of the first word, with an example
  • dutiyā tappurisa samāsa: buddhaṁ gato ⇒ buddha gata ⇒ buddhagato (gone to the Buddha)
    • buddhaṁ gato ⇒ buddhagato (gone to the Buddha) dukkhaṃ patto ⇒ dukkhappatto (the person who fell into suffering) bhūmiṃ gato ⇒ bhūmigato (the thing or being that has gone into the earth) nirodhaṃ samāpanno ⇒ nirodhasamāpanno (one who has entered the attainment of cessation)
  • tatiyā tappurisa samāsa: buddhena bhāsito ⇒ buddha bhāsita ⇒ buddhabhāsito (spoken by the Buddha)
    • buddhena bhāsito ⇒ buddhabhāsito (doctrine or teaching expounded by the Buddha) sīlena sampanno ⇒ sīlasampanno (one who is endowed with virtue) ñāṇena sampayutto ⇒ ñāṇasampayutto (mentality that is connected with wisdom)
  • catutthī tappurisa samāsa: buddhassa deyyaṃ ⇒ buddhadeyyaṃ (offerings to the Buddha)
    • buddhassa deyyaṃ ⇒ buddhadeyyaṃ (thing that should be given to the Buddha) kaṭhinassa dussaṃ ⇒ kaṭhinadussaṃ (cloth for the kaṭhina) yāguyā taṇḍulā ⇒ yāgutaṇḍulā (rice for gruel)
  • pañcamī tappurisa samāsa: buddhā cuto ⇒ buddha cuta ⇒ buddhacuto (fell from the Buddha)
    • methunā apeto ⇒ methunāpeto (one who has departed (abstained) from sex) nagarā niggato ⇒ nagaraniggato (one who has left the city) sāsanā cuto ⇒ sāsanacuto (one who has fallen from the Sāsana)
  • chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa: buddhassa sāvako ⇒ buddhasāvako (disciple of the Buddha)
    • rañño putto ⇒ rājaputto (son of the King) buddhassa sāvako ⇒ buddhasāvako (disciple of the Buddha) rukkhassa mūlaṃ ⇒ rukkhamūlaṃ (root of the tree)
  • sattamī tappurisa samāsa: buddhe rato ⇒ buddharato (delighted with the Buddha)
    • rūpe saññā ⇒ rūpasaññā (perception on (regarding) rūpa / matter or visible object) dhamme rato ⇒ dhammarato (one who is delighted in Dhamma) bhavantare kataṃ ⇒ bhavantarakataṃ (something that was done in a different life)
• features which make tappurisa samāsa different from kammadhāraya samāsa
  • different vibhatti: the words have different vibhattis (buddhaṁ gato)
  • bhinnādhikaraṇa: words are not tulyādhikaraṇa (in apposition), they each refer to a different thing (bhinnādhikaraṇa)
  • not nominative: the first word is in a case other than the nominative (6 possibilities)
• 2 types of visesana (adjective)
  • tulyādhikaraṇa visesana / samānādhikaraṇa visesana
    • same gender, case and number
    • refer to the same thing
  • bhinnādhikaraṇa visesana: sukhaṁ patto - sukhaṁ is a bhinnādhikaraṇa visesana of patto
    • different gender, number, case
    • refer to different things
    • why is sukhaṁ an adjective of patto? because it modifies the noun patta, specifying what type of patta; it is not an adverb because they only modify real verbs: sukhaṁ supati
    • mayhaṁ gehaṁ: they refer to different objects

      Dvandasamāsa

• 3 characteristics of dvandasamāsa
  • independent: nouns are not visesana and visesya, they are independent nouns
  • ca: the indeclinable “ca” collects the two nouns
  • equal prominence: in the final compound both words are equally prominent in their meaning
• construction
  • (sāriputto ca moggallāno ca)
  • elision of case endings and ‘ca’ (sāriputta moggallāna)
  • compounding (sāriputtamoggallāna)
  • Declension:
    • if samāhāradvanda it is declined in the neuter gender, nominative case, singular (cakkhusotaṁ)
    • if itarītarayogadvanda, in the gender of the last noun, nominative case, plural (sometimes singular) (sāriputtamoggallānā)
  • usage: the newly formed word can be then used in any case according to context
• samuccaya
  • the grammatical act of collecting two or more nouns / verbs together, normally performed by the indeclinable ‘ca’: sāriputto ca moggallāno ca
• samuccayattha
  • the meaning of the indeclinable “ca”; literally this means that the indeclinable “ca” performs the act of collecting the two nouns
• 2 types of dvandasamāsa
  • samāhāradvanda: declined in the neuter gender, nominative case, singular
    • cakkhuñca sotañca ⇒ cakkhusotaṃ gītañca vāditañca ⇒ gītavāditaṃ hatthino ca assā ca ⇒ hatthiassaṃ
  • itarītarayogadvanda (most common): declined in the nominative case, gender of the last noun, plural (sometimes singular)
    • sāriputto ca moggallāno ca ⇒ sāriputtamoggallānā candimā ca sūriyā ca ⇒ candimasūriyā
• examples
  • sāriputto ca moggallāno ca ⇒ sāriputtamoggallānā samaṇo ca brāhmaṇo ca ⇒ samaṇabrāhmaṇā cando ca sūriyo ca ⇒ candasūriyā brāhmaṇo ca gahapatiko ca ⇒ brāhmaṇagahapatikā mātā ca pitā ca ⇒ mātāpitaro

    Bahubbīhisamāsa

• main characteristics of bahubbīhisamāsa
  • aññapada: they are compounded in the meanings of the pronouns “ya”, “ta”, “eta” and “ima”, called aññapada (the word that refers to what the compound refers to)
  • aññapadattha: the final samāsa refers to the noun that is referred to by the aññapada
  • aññapadattha’s gender and number: the gender and number of the final compound is the same as the aññapadattha’s
  • example:
    • āgatā samaṇā yaṃ so āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo) (the place where recluses have arrived is called “āgatasamaṇa”; that is the “saṅghārāma”)
    • though āgata and samaṇa are connected, the final word āgatasamaṇa, does not refer to recluses who have arrived but the place where they have arrived (saṅghārāma); thus, the two nouns āgata and samaṇa are compounded referring to the noun yaṁ which refers to the place saṅghārāma; the meaning of the final compound āgatasamaṇo is saṅghārāma
• 7 types of bahubbīhi based on the nāmavibhatti of the aññapada
  • paṭhamā bahubbīhi (to be explained later)
  • dutiyā bahubbīhi
    • āgatā samaṇā imanti āgatasamaṇo (saṃghārāmo) āruḷhā vāṇijā imanti āruḷhavāṇijā (nāvā)
  • tatiyā bahubbīhi
    • jitāni indriyāni yenāti jitindriyo (samaṇo) kataṃ kiccaṃ yenāti katakicco (samaṇo)
  • catutthī bahubbīhi
    • dinno suṅko yassāti dinnasuṅko (rājā) upanītaṃ bhojanaṃ assāti upanītabhojano (samaṇo)
  • pañcamī bahubbīhi
    • niggatā janā asmāti niggatajano (gāmo) apetaṃ viññāṇaṃ asmāti apetaviññāṇo (matakāyo)
  • chaṭṭhī bahubbīhi
    • chinnā hatthā assāti chinnahattho (puriso) cha abhiññā assāti chaḷabhiñño (khīṇāsavo)
  • sattamī bahubbīhi
    • sampannāni sassāni yasminti sampannasasso (janapado) bahavo tāpasā etasminti bahutāpaso (assamo)
• note:
  • ariyaṁ ñāṇaṁ tassa so ariyañāṇo
  • the genitive case does not expect a verb

    Avyayībhāva / abyayībhāva samāsa

• main characteristics
  • avyaya: a samāsa that involves the combination of nouns with indeclinables or prefixes (avyaya)
  • upasagganipātapubbaka (I): the meaning of the avyaya is more prominent (pubbaka) over the noun
  • upasagganipātapubbaka (II): the avyaya is placed before (pubbaka) the noun in the final compound
  • nt. nom.: the final compound is declined in neuter gender, nominative case, singular or plural
• bhāva in avyayībhāva has 2 meanings (extra information)
  • makes the avyaya prominent (vibhāveti)
  • makes nouns avyaya: the final compound becomes avyaya
  • avyaya (non-changing) vibhāveti (makes something evident, apparent, visible): the samāsa which makes the avyaya evident
• examples
  • nipāta: pāsādassa anto ⇒ antopāsādaṃ (inside the palace) pāsādassa heṭṭhā ⇒ heṭṭhāpāsādaṃ (below the palace) bhattassa pacchā ⇒ pacchābhattaṃ (after the mealtime) bhattassa pure ⇒ purebhattaṁ (before the mealtime) upasagga: nagarassa samīpaṃ ⇒ upanagaraṃ (proximity of the city) gaṅgāya samīpaṃ ⇒ upagaṅgaṃ (proximity of the river Ganges) rathassa pacchā ⇒ anurathaṃ (behind / after the vehicle)
    • note:
      • upasaggas are not found independently in sentences but always attached either to roots or nouns, therefore it is not possible to have a definition sentence as “nagarassa upa upanagaraṃ”; therefore, the definition sentence is made by using the word samīpa which has a similar meaning to that of upa – proximity; these types of definitions that are done using different words to that of the word that is being defined are called asapada viggaha
      • adjectives are not as prominent as the nouns they modify, so dussīla is not avyayībhāvasamāsa, but dubbhikkhā is, since the first du is an adjective as ‘bad’ while on the second it means ‘scarcity’
• Note:
  • prominence of words in each samāsa
    • kammadhāraya: second word is more prominent
    • digu: second
    • tappurisa: second
    • dvanda: both have equal prominence
    • bahubbīhi: aññapadattha
    • avyayībhāva: first (abyaya)
  • apart from kammadhāraya and avyayībhāva samāsas, the other samāsa’s names themselves are examples of their respective samāsa types: dve gāvo ⇒ digu (two cows) tassa puriso ⇒ tappurisa (his man) dve ca dve ca ⇒ dvanda (two and two) bahu vīhi assa ⇒ bahubbīhi (the one who has a lot of paddy)

Lesson 23 - practice

Name the type of samāsa under which the following samāsa nouns are formed.

• Catuddisaṃ
  • digusamāsa (samāhāradigu)
  • catasso disā catuddisaṁ (four directions)
• sāriputtamoggallānā
  • dvandasamāsa (itarītarayogadvanda)
  • sāriputto ca moggallāno ca
• methunāpeto
  • tappurisasamāsa (pañcamītappurisasamāsa)
  • methunā apeto methunāpeto (one who has departed from sex)
• chinnahattho puriso
  • bahubbīhisamāsa (chaṭṭhībahubbīhi)
  • chinnā hatthā assāti chinnahattho (whose hands have been cut off)
• upanagaraṃ
  • avyayībhāvasamāsa
  • nagarassa samīpaṁ upanagaraṁ (the vicinity of the city)