Pāḷi - Bhante Vijitānanda

• niruttidīpanī - part II
  • translations
    • 32. syādilopo pubbassekassa
      • vicchāyaṃ ekassa vibhatyantassa padassa dvitte kate pubbapadassa syādilopo hoti. ekekaṃ, ekekāni, ekekena, ekekassa iccādi. In vicchā, when reduplication has been done to a word ending with a nominal case, syādilopa of the first word happens. māgame – ekamekaṃ, ekamekāni iccādi. when m is inserted - (examples) iti syādiloparāsi.
        • dvitta [dvi + tta]↔nt. (gram) re-duplication; doubling; lit. two-ness #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
    • 33. tadaminādīni
      • appavidhānamuccate. 33. tadaminādīni. the sutta which forms tadaminā, etc mahāvuttisuttamidaṃ, tadaminādīni padarūpāni iminā nipātanena (by falling) sijjhantīti attho.
    • 34. sesā dīghā 35. byañjane dīgharassā
      • atha dīgha, rassā dīpiyante.
        • Then, lengthening and shortening are shown.
      • 34. sesā dīghā.
        • Pakkhittamidaṃ suttaṃ. Luttehi vā ādesakatehi vā vaṇṇehi sesā rassasarā kvaci dīghā honti vā.
          • This sutta is inserted (by me; the author of Niruttidīpanī). The short vowels remaining from the elided or replaced letters are sometimes (kvaci) alternatively (vā) become long.
        • Pubbalutte tāva – Tatrāyamādi bhavaṃ, tatrābhiramiccheyya, buddhānussati, saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ, anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ, dhammūpasaṃhitā, tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi, tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho iccādi.
          • Tatra ayaṃ ādi bhava – there, this is the beginning. Tatra abhiraṃ iccheyya – one should like the delight in that nirvana. Buddhānussa – recalling the quali es of the Buddha. Saddhā idha vi aṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ - In this world, faith is the greatest wealth of man. Anāgārehi ca – and with houseless wanderers, ubhāyaṃ - with both. Dhammūpasaṃhitā – connected with Dhamma. Adesayi – (he) preached, dhammavaraṃ - noble Dhamma, athūpamaṃ - which has that kind of simile. Vūpasamo – extreme calmness, tesaṃ - of those condi omed reali es, sukho – is the bliss. Tatrāyaṃ - tatra + ayaṃ tatrābhiratiṃ - tatra + abhiratiṃ buddhānussati - buddha + anussati saddhīdha = saddhā + idha cūbhayaṃ = ca + ubhayaṃ dhammūpasaṃhitā = dhamma + upasaṃhitā tathūpamaṃ = tathā + upamaṃ vūpasamo = vi + upasamo
          • First, examples for lengthening when the preceding vowel is elided are - tatrāyamādibhava… etc.
        • Paralutte – Ajitā bhagavā avoca, sumedho sujāto (not sājāto) cā , ruppa rūpaṃ, bujjha buddho, sādhū pa ssuṇitvā, kiṃsūdha vi aṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ iccādi.
          • Ajitāti = ajita + iti cāti = ca + iti ruppatīti = ruppati + iti bujjhatīti = bujjhati + iti sādhūti = sādhu + iti kiṃsūdha = kiṃsu + idha
          • Examples for lengthening when the succeeding vowel is elided are - Ajitā… etc.
        • Bindulutte – Tāsāhaṃ, tesāhaṃ.
          • Examples for lengthening when the nasal consonant is elided are – tāsahaṃ and tesāhaṃ.
        • Ādesesu – Myāyaṃdhammo, svāhaṃ , vityānubhūyate iccādi.
          • Examples for lengthening when the replacements are made are – myāyaṃ dhammo … etc.
        • Yadipi imāni rūpāni byañjane uparisu ena sijjhan , lu ādesesu pana niccamiva dīghasiddhiñāpana haṃ idaṃ su aṃ pakkhi an daṭṭhabbaṃ.
      • 35. byañjane dīgharassā.
        • Byañjane pare rassadīhānaṃ kvaci dīgha, rassā honti vā. Ta ha dīghavidhi nāma gāthāvasena vā āgamavasena vā vacanasukhavasena vā buddhisukhavasena vā hoti.
        • Ta ha gāthāvasena tāva – Madhuvā mañña bālo, khan ca sovacassatā, evaṃ gāme munī care, sakko ujū ca suhujū ca iccādi.
          • Madhuvā maññati = madhuva + maññati khantī ca = khanti + ca munī care = muni + care ujū ca suhujū ca = uju + ca, suhuju + ca
        • Āgame – Uragāmiva, arahatāmiva, passatāmiva iccādi. Gāthāvasenā pi yujja .
          • Uragāmiva = uraga + miva arahatāmiva + arahata + miva passatāmiva = passata + miva
        • Vacanasukhañca buddhisukhañca purime sesadīghepi labbha . Ta ha vacanasukhe – Chāra aṃ māna aṃ, pakaṭṭhaṃ vacanaṃ pāvacanaṃ, pāsādo, pākāro, pāvassi megho, nagaraṃ pāvisi, pāvekkhi, pārisuddhi, pāṭipado, caturāsī sahassāni iccādi.
          • Among them, examples for vacanasukha are – chārattaṃ… etc. Chāra aṃ māna aṃ -
          • Chārattaṃ = cha + rattaṃ pāvacanaṃ = pa + vacanaṃ pāsādo = pa + sādo pākāro = pa + kāro pāvassi = pa + vassi pāvisi = pa + visi pāvekkhi = pa + vekkhi pārisuddhi = parisuddhi pāṭipado = paṭipado caturāsīti = catu + asīti
        • Buddhisukhaṃ nāma padacchedañāṇasukhaṃ. Ta ha – Sā haṃ sabyañjanaṃ , sā hikā dhammadesanā, cakkhumāssa yathā andho iccādi.
          • That which is called buddhisukha is the comfort of the wisdom/understanding of disjoining the words. There, some examples are sātthaṃ… etc. Sā haṃ - together with the meaning, sabyañjanaṃ - together with correct words. Sā hikā – beneficial, dhammadesanā – dhammatalk. Cakkhumā – being one with eyes, assa – one should be, yathā andho – like a blind person. Sātthaṃ = sa + atthaṃ sātthikā = sa + atthikā cakkhumāssa = cakkhumā + assa
        • Bindulutte pana sārāgo, sāra o iccādīni pubbe uddhaṭāniyeva.
          • Moreover, when the nasal consonant has been elided, examples such as sārāgo, and sāratto are already shown before.
        • Iti dīgharāsi.
          • This is the collection of lengthening
        • Rassasandhimhi gāthāvasena tāva – Yiṭṭhaṃva hutaṃva loke, bhovādi nāma so ho , yathābhāvi guṇena so iccādi.
          • In the euphonic combination of shortening, first of all, examples related to verses are – yiṭṭhaṃva… etc. Loke – in the world, yiṭṭhaṃ va – dona on made for auspicious occa on, hutaṃ va – or dona on made believing karma and its result. So – he, bhovādi nāma ho – is named “the one saying ‘bho’”. So – he, yathābhāvi – is named ‘yathābhāvī’, guṇena – by quality. Yiṭṭhaṃva hutaṃva loke = yiṭṭhaṃ vā + hutaṃ vā + loke bhovādi nāma = bhovādī + nāma yathābhāvi guṇena = yathābhāvī + guṇena
        • Āgame ya, ra, dāgamesu pubbarasso – Yathayidaṃ, tathayidaṃ, yathariva amhākaṃ bhagavā, tathariva bhikkhusaṅgho, sammadeva samācare, sammadakkhāto mayā sa sambojjhaṅgo iccādi.
          • In insertion, shortnening of the preceding vowel happens when ‘y’, ‘r’ and ‘d’ insertions are made. Examples are yathayidaṃ… etc. Yathayidaṃ - As this. Tathayidaṃ - this like that. yathariva – just as, amhāhaṃ - our, bhagavā – blessed one. Bhikkhusaṅgho – the community of monks, tathariva – (is) just like that. Samācare – one should behave, sammadeva – only in proper way. Sa sambojjhaṅgo – mindfulness which is an element of awakening, sammadakkhāto – is well expounded, mayā – by me. Yathayidaṃ = yathā + idaṃ tathayidaṃ = tathā + idaṃ yathariva = yathā + iva tathariva = tathā + iva sammadeva = sammā + eva sammadakkhāto = sammā + akkhāto
        • Saṃyogarasso nāma bahulaṃ labbha – Akkamo, parakkamo, akkhāto, aññā, aññindriyaṃ, aññātaṃ bhagavā, aññātaṃ sugata, a haraṇaṃ, apphoṭe , alliya , acchinda , assādo, ābhassaro, pabhassaro, sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ, jhānassa lābhimhi vasimhi .
          • The shortening which is called saṃyoga rassa (shortening because of saṃyoga) is obtained (found) frequently. Akkamo – that which is stepped on. Parakkamo – exertion; effort. Akkhāto – said. Aññā – arahanthood. Aññindriyaṃ - faculty of final knowledge. Bhagavā – O blessed one!, aññātaṃ - it was known (by me), sugata – O Buddha, aññātaṃ - it was known (by me). A haraṇaṃ - a covering; a bed-sheet. Apphoṭe – claps. Alliya – clings. Acchinda – robs. Assādo – enjoyment. Ābhassaro – radiant. Pabhassaro – very bright. Sabbaññutaññāṇāṃ - the wisdom which is the state of the Omniscient one. Amhi – I am, lābhī – an owner, jhānassa – of medita ve absorp on, amhi – I am, vasī – a master (jhānassa – of medita ve absorp on)
          • Akkamo = ā + kamo parakkamo = parā + kamo akkhāto = ā + khāto aññā = ā + ñā aññātaṃ = ā + ñātaṃ attharaṇaṃ = ā + tharaṇaṃ apphoṭeti = ā + phoṭeti alliyati = ā + liyati acchindati = ā + chindati assādo = ā + sādo ābhassaro = ābhā + saro pabhassaro = pabhā + saro sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ = sabbaññutā + ñāṇaṃ lābhimhi = lābhī + amhi vasimhi = vasī + amhi
        • Tā, topaccayesupi rasso – Kataññutā, a haññutā, dhammaññutā, kaññato, nadito, vadhuto.
          • Shortening happens when tā and to suffixes are succeeding. Kataññutā – the state of the grateful; gra tude. A haññutā – the state of knowing the meaning. dhammaññutā – the state of knowing dhamma. Kaññato – from the girl/ virgin. Nadito – from the river. Vadhuto – from the daughter-in-law/ woman. Kataññutā = kataññū + tā atthaññutā = atthaññū + tā dhammaññutā = dhammaññū + tā kaññato = kaññā + to nadito = nadī + to vadhuto = vadhū + to
        • Samāse – Itthipumaṃ, itthiliṅgaṃ, itthibhāvo, sabbaññubuddho iccādi.
          • Examples in compound nouns are – itthipumaṃ… etc. Itthipumaṃ - woman and man. Itthiliṅgaṃ - feminine gender. Itthibhāvo – the state of a woman. Sabbaññubuddho – omniscient Buddha. Itthipumaṃ = itthī + pumaṃ itthiliṅgaṃ = itthī + liṅgaṃ itthibhāvo = itthī + bhāvo sabbaññubuddho = sabbaññū + buddho
        • Iti rassarāsi.
          • This is the collection of shortening.
        • Dīgha, rassarāsi niṭṭhito.
          • Collection of lengthening and shortening ends here.
    • 36. yuvaṇṇānameo luttā
  • sandhi‒8 types #edited
    • 5 lopasandhi
      • what it is
        • sandhi that involves the elision of a vowel, consonant, vibhatti, or word
      • 5 types
        • saralopo byañjane (sb ⇒ _b): elision of a vowel when a consonant is succeeding (alābu ⇒ lābu)‒3 types
          • elision of a (ratnāni)
            • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • lābu→alābu (gourd)
              • pidhānaṃ→apidhānaṃ (lid, cover)
              • pidahitvā→apidahitvā (having closed)
              • gini→aggini (fire)
                • Saddanī says that ‘gini’ is another stem which is a synonym for ‘aggi’ (padamālā, 245). According to that, aggini, aggi, and gini are three different synonymous stems.
              • ratnaṃ→ratanaṃ (gem)
                • some say it is sanskrit influence, but saddanīti says it is used by the Buddha directly, so it is a pāḷi word
              • nhānaṃ→nahānaṃ (bathing)
              • hanti (here, singular)→hanati (kills) (here not plural)
                • singular: hanti kuddhā puthujjano, phalaṃ ve kadaliṃ hanti, sakkāro kāpurisaṃ hanti.
                • plural: vikkosamānā tibbāhi, hanti nesaṃ varaṃ varaṃ.
          • elision of u (padmāni)
            • padmāni→padumāni (lotus flowers) - padmāni ṇi pūjetvā (apadānapāḷi)
            • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • usmā→usumā (heat)
                • Āyu usmā ca viññāṇaṃ, yadā kāyaṃ jahantimaṃ, apaviddho tadā seti, parabhattaṃ acetanaṃ (khandhavaggasaṃyu a, 117); Katamaṃ taṃ rūpaṃ tejodhātu? Yaṃ tejo tejogataṃ usmā usmāgataṃ (dhammasaṅgaṇī, 202)
          • elision of i (cetyāni)
            • cetyāni→cetiyāni (pagodas) - ...ārāmarukkhacetyāni manussā bhayatajjitā
            • khatyā→khattiyā (first t elided by saṁyogādilopo) (men of warrior caste)
            • titthyā→titthiyā (followers of other religions)
            • sneho→sineho (love)
            • kleso→kileso (defilement)
              • Klesamale (defilements which are stain) (su anipātapāḷi, 454) Kilesava hūni = klesava hūni (defilements which are the base)
            • kriyā→kiriyā (action)
            • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • plavati→pilavati (float)
          • mem aid: ratnāni ca padmāni ca cetyesu honti
        • 2 byañjanalopa
          • sarena saha byañjanalopo (bs ⇒ _): eliding a consonant together with its vowel (abhiññāya ⇒ abhiññā)‒4 types
            • elision of kha
              • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • mukharo→mukhakharo (one who has a harsh mouth; one who speaks rudely)
                  • mukharā mukhakharā. Kharavacanā vuttaṃ hoti (mūlapaṇṇāsaaṭṭhakathā 1, 157)
            • elision of cā
              • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • vākkaraṇo→vācākaraṇo (word which is spoken)
                  • Kalyāṇavāco hoti kalyāṇavākkaraṇo (pācittiyapāḷi, 74)
                  • why does k becomes kk here? #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • elision of ya
              • paṭisaṅkhā yoniso→paṭisaṅkhāya yoniso (having considered in a suitable manner)
              • abhiññā→abhiññāya (having known by special wisdom) - So imaṃ lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedeti (pārājikapāḷi, 1)
              • pariññā→pariññāya (having known completely) - Saññaṃ pariññā vitareyya oghaṃ (suttanipāta, 400); cakkhuṃ bhikkhave abhiññā pariññā pahātabbaṃ (saḷāyatanavaggasaṃyutta, 248)
              • upādā rūpaṃ→upādāya rūpaṃ (matter that exists having associated four great elements)
              • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • āvīkatā hissa phāsu→āvīkatāya hissa phāsu (by confessing, indeed, it becomes comfortable for him) (kkvtrn: āvikatā has nominative case in instrumental meaning)
            • atisayatthadīpana + lopa
              • momuho
                • 1st method: muhamuho (atisayatthadīpana) (elision of sara and its byañjana) ⇒ mumuho (u⇒o) ⇒ momuho (one who is extremely deluded)
                  • Imāni dvepi momūhacittāni cittāni nāma (abhidhammatthasaṅgaha, 2)
                • extra:
                  • 2nd method: moha + muha (samāsa)
                  • 3rd method: reduplicating the first letter of the root ‘muh’ (dvebhāva)
              • susukho→sukhasukho (atisayatthadīpana) (elision of sara and its byañjana) ⇒ susukho (that which is extremely pleasant)
                • Susukhaṃ vata nibbānaṃ, sammāsambuddhadesitaṃ (theragāthā, 268)
            • mem aid: mukharo vākkaraṇaṁ āvikatā susukho (the very foolish rude person, having confessed the word spoken, is in peace)
            • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • atisayatthadīpana↔using the stem twice for emphasis
              • atisaya↔masc. abundance
          • saṃyogādibyañjanalopo (kkh ⇒ kh): eliding the dissimilar first consonant of a saṃyoga (dukkho ⇒ dukho)
            • dukho→dukkho ⇒ dukho (suffering) - Appassādā dukhā kāmā (dhammapada, 186)
            • sekho→sekkho ⇒ sekho (trainee) - sikkha kho bhikkhu, tasmā sekho vuccati (tikanipāta, 232)
            • apekhā→apekkhā ⇒ apekhā (expectation) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • mem aid: according to the alphabet: byañjana + sara, byañjana + byañjana
        • siyādilopa
          • what it is
            • the elision of the vibhattis starting with -si (original vibhattis) - it occurs in two contexts: vicchā (sutta 55) and vītihāra (sutta 56)
          • what does pubbassekassa mean in this sutta according to niruttidīpaṇī and moggallāna?
            • according to niruttidīpaṇī: "of one preceding word" - including the vibhatti of the preceding word, whichever it is
            • according to Moggallāna: "of the preceding word eka" - leaving the elision of the vibhatti of other words to the yogavibhāga “syādilopo pubbassa” (without ekassa)
              • yogavibhāga↔disjunction of a sutta (yoga) - using a section of a sutta to perform a grammatical act that cannot be done by the sutta in its entirety
                • √bhaj↔root ･1 a (divide, distribute) 2 (associate, keep company)
          • vicchā
            • using the same word with the same vibhatti twice in order to extend the meaning (gāme gāme - in every village) note: not to be confused with atisayatthadīpana (doubling of the word for emphasis - soratasorato) note: under sutta 55 - vicchābhikkhaññesu dve
            • what is the connection between syādilopa and vicchā?
              • sometimes the vibhatti of the first word is dropped and this is a siyādilopasandhi in the context of vicchā (ekassa ekassa ⇒ eka + ekassa (siyādilopa) ⇒ ekekassa (sandhi)) note: sometimes 'm' can be inserted (māgama): ekaṁ ekaṁ ⇒ ekamekaṁ
            • examples
              • diṭṭhadiṭṭhā→diṭṭhā diṭṭhā (Aniyametvā diṭṭhadiṭṭhāya saddhiṃ rahassādaṃ kappessāmīti gantvā nisinnassāpi)
              • āgatāgatā→āgatā āgatā (āgatāgatānaṃ vasena āpattiyo veditabbā – paṭhamāniyatasikkhāpadaṭṭhakathā)
              • vaggavaggā→vaggā vaggā (Vaggavaggā hutvā yācanti – pārājikaṭṭhakathā)
              • daharadahare→dahare dahare (Daharadahare kumārake janapadaṃ pahiṇiṃsu – jātakaṭṭhakathā)
                • dahara↔adj. young; youthful; junior 2 adj. small; short 3 masc. young boy; young man; youth
              • matamatā→matā matā (Puññāni katvā matamatā devanagareyeva nibbattiṃsu - jātakaṭṭhakathā)
              • dvayaṃdvayasamāpatti→dvaya dvaya ⇒ dvayam dvaya (māgama) (Dvayena dvayena samāpajjitabbato dvaṃdvayasamāpatti – pārājikaṭṭhakathā)
          • vītihāra [vi + ati + √har + *a] (sutta 56 - sabbādīnaṃ vītihāre) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • doing an action mutually; masc. stride; lit. exchange (aññamaññassa upakāraka - helping one another)
            • √har↔root.1 + a (carry) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • what is the connection between syādilopa and vītihāra?
              • sometimes the vibhatti of the first word is also dropped (as in vicchā) and this is a siyādilopasandhi in the context of vītihāra (aññassa aññassa ⇒ añña aññassa (siyādilopa) ⇒ aññamaññassa (māgama))
            • examples
              • aññamaññassa
                • aññassa aññassa (siyādilopa) ⇒ añña aññassa (māgama) ⇒ aññamaññassa (aññamaññassa upakārakā (helping one another) / aññamaññassa denti (they give to one another) / nāññamaññassa dukkhamiccheyya (one should not wish the suffering of one another))
              • itarītarassa→itarassa itarassa (itarītarassa upakārakā (helping one another))
          • note: under the sutta 32. syādilopo pubbassekassa
        • padalopo ādimajjhantesu (pada ⇒ _): eliding a word - either in the beginning, middle or end (assayuttaratho ⇒ assaratho)
          • examples
            • datto→devadatto (elision of the word in the beginning) ⇒ datto
            • assaratho→assayuttaratho (elision of the word in the middle) ⇒ assaratho (horse-drawn carriage)
            • rūpaṃ→rūpabhavaṃ (elision of the word in the end) ⇒ rūpaṁ (existence in the realm of form)
            • mem aid: datto assayuttena rūpaṁ (gacchati)
            • note:
              • ekadesavohāranaya↔method of using only a part of a name (one of the 55 nayas)
        • mem aid: sara, byañjana, (saṁyogādi, bindu), siyādi, pada
          • in parenthesis are the previous semester's
        • note:
          • all the sandhis here except siyādilopa are under sutta 33. tadaminādīni
            • taṁ iminā ⇒ tad aminā (rare case) tadaminā is an example for all the arrangements made by this sutta
            • mahāsutta / mahāvuttisutta↔sutta which covers rare cases of elision and other grammatical functions (appavidhāna)
            • appavidhāna↔rare cases
            • in kaccāyana, there are 4 mahāsuttas in moggallāna, only 1
      • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
        • nipatati↔falls, drops, lands (n)
        • uccate↔vuccate, is said (u)
        • mahāvutti↔great behavior, that behaves in a wide area
      • extra notes:
        • one pattern used in verses: - (light syllable), U (heavy syllable), O (does not matter)
          • -UUO -U-O -UUO -U-O
        • no prefix -pi, only -api, but there is nipāta pi
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • katthaci→in some places
      • note: there are more lopa sandhis from the previous semester
    • 6 dīghasandhi
      • what it is
        • the sandhi in which the vowels a / i / u are lengthened to ā / ī / ū respectively
      • 6 types
        • after
          • a lopa: after pubba- / para-sara- or bindu-lopa, the remaining (preceding or succeeding) vowel is sometimes lengthened - e.g. buddha + anussati ⇒ buddh + anussati ⇒ buddh + ānussati ⇒ buddhānussati
            • after pubbasaralopa: Buddhānussati ⇒ Buddha anussati ⇒ Buddh_ + anussati (elision of the preceding vowel) ⇒ Buddh + ānussati (dīgha)
              • saddhīdha→saddhā + idha ⇒ saddh_ + īdha (faith, in this world): Saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ (sagāthāvaggasaṃyutta, 216)
              • tathūpamaṃ→tathā + upamaṃ ⇒ tath_ + ūpamaṁ (which has that kind of simile): Tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayī (khuddakapāṭha, 7)
              • vūpasamo→vi + upasamo ⇒ v_ + ūpasamo (extreme calmness) - Tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho (dīgha – mahāvagga, 129)
            • after parasaralopa: kiṃsu + idha ⇒ kiṃsu + _dha ⇒ kiṃsū + _dha ⇒ kiṃsūdha - kiṃsūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ (sagāthāvaggasaṃyutta, 216))
              • sādhūti→sādhu + iti ⇒ sādhu + _ti ⇒ sādhū + _ti (well, thus) - Sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā (pācittiya, 396)
              • ajitāti→ajita + iti ⇒ ajita + _ti ⇒ ajitā + _ti (Ajita, thus) - Ajitāti bhagavā (suttanipāta, 434)
            • after bindulopa: tāsaṃ + ahaṃ ⇒ tāsa_ + ahaṃ (bindulopa) ⇒ tās_ + ahaṃ (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ tās + āhaṃ (dīghasandhi) ⇒ tāsāhaṃ
              • would it be better if the dīgha happened right after the bindulopa? #q🙋🏼‍♂
          • an ādesa: e.g. myāyaṁ
            • myāyaṃ→me + ayaṃ ⇒ my + ayaṃ (ādesa: e ⇒ y) ⇒ my + āyaṃ (dīghasandhi) ⇒ myāyaṃ (adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro (vinaya mahāvagga, 5))
            • svāhaṃ→so + ahaṁ (ādesa: o ⇒ v) ⇒ sv + āhaṁ (parasaradīgha)
          • an āgama: uragāmiva
            • uragāmiva→uragaṃ + iva (bindulopa) ⇒ uraga_ + iva (māgama) ⇒ uraga + miva (dīgha) ⇒ uragā + miva ⇒ uragāmiva
            • arahatāmiva→arahataṃ + iva ⇒ arahata_ + iva ⇒ arahata_ + miva ⇒ arahatā + miva ⇒ arahatāmiva
            • passatāmiva→passataṃ + iva ⇒ passata_ + iva (bindulopa) ⇒ passata_ + miva (māgama) ⇒ passatā + miva (dīgha) ⇒ passatāmiva
              • could it also be after a bindvādesa? #q🙋🏼‍♂
        • in gāthā: in order to be in accordance with the metre (chanda) - e.g.: munī care
          • munī care→muni + care (dīgha) ⇒ munī care - evaṃ gāme munī care
          • khantī ca→khanti + ca (dīgha) ⇒ khantī ca - khantī ca sovacassatā
          • madhuvā maññati→madhuva + maññati (dīgha) ⇒ madhuvā maññati (madhuvā maññati bālo)
          • ujū ca suhujū ca→uju + ca, suhuju + ca (dīgha)
        • vacanasukha (for smooth pronunciation): e.g. chārattaṁ
          • chārattaṃ→cha + rattaṃ - chārattaṃ mānattaṃ
          • pāvacanaṃ→pa + vacanaṃ
        • buddhisukha (for understanding easily): so that the two words which are combined can be distinguished easily - e.g.: sa + atthaṁ ⇒ sātthaṁ note: usually, short vowels do not become long when they are followed by a conjuct, but the vowel a can do so
          • sātthaṃ→sa + atthaṃ ⇒ s_ + atthaṃ ⇒ s + ātthaṃ (meaningful) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • sātthikā→sa + atthikā ⇒ s_ + atthikā (with benefit; beneficial) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • svākkhāto→su + akkhāto (ādesa: u ⇒ v) ⇒ sv + akkhāto (dīgha) = sv + ākkhāto #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
        • note:
          • 34. sesā dīghā - covers the first two (after a lopa and an ādesa)
          • 35. byañjane dīgharassā - covers the remaining
        • mem aid: "tāsāhaṁ buddhānussati sādhū"ti‒myāyaṁ svākkhātaṁ pāvacanaṁ arahantāmiva madhuvā ("among them, I, the recollection of the Buddha, am good"‒to me, this is a well preached noble teaching like an arahant, like honey)
    • 6 rassasandhi
      • what it is
        • the sandhi in which the vowels ā / ī / ū are shortened to a / i / u respectively
      • 6 types (5 + a rare one) (with an example)
        • in gāthā (yaṃ kañci yiṭṭhaṃ va hutaṃ va loke)
          • puggala dhammadasā→puggalā dhammadasā (aṭṭha ca puggala dhammadasā te (vimānavatthu, 76))
            • dodhaka verse: U- -, U- -, U- - , UU
            • not samāsa because the second word is an adjective to the first word, but it could be considered so
          • va sāvake→vā sāvake (pūjārahe pūjayato, buddhe yadi va sāvake (dhammapada))
            • all verses with 8 syllables are called vatta
        • before a vowel (rare) (bhummāni vā yāni va antalikkhe)) (this is yogavibhāga / suttavibhāga)
          • couldn't this be considered under gāthā? #q🙋🏼‍♂
        • before a saṃyoga (taṇhakkhayo)
          • sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ→sabbaññutā + ñāṇaṃ ⇒ sabbaññutā + ññāṇaṃ (reduplication of ‘ñ’) ⇒ sabbaññuta + ññāṇaṃ (shortening of ‘ā’)
          • taṇhakkhayo→taṇhā + khayo
          • akkhāto→ā + khāto
          • assādo→ā + sādo
        • in the middle of a samāsa (sabbaññubuddhena)
          • itthiliṅgaṃ→itthī + liṅgaṃ
          • itthibhāvo→itthī + bhāvo
          • sabbaññubuddho→sabbaññū + buddho
          • māladhārī→mālā + dhārī (alaṅkato maṭṭhakuṇḍalī māladhārī - jātakapāḷi 1, 217)
        • -tā and -to suffixes (kataññutāya)
          • kataññutā→kataññū + tā
          • kaññato→kaññā + to
        • an āgama (sammadakkhāto)
          • sammadakkhāto→sammā akkhāto
          • yathayidaṃ→yathā + idaṃ ⇒ yathā + yidaṃ (insertion of ‘y’) ⇒ yatha + yidaṃ (shortening of ‘a’)
        • mem aid:
          • yaṃ kañci yiṭṭhaṃ va hutaṃ va loke va antalikkhe taṇhakkhayo sabbaññubuddhena sabbaññutāya sammadakkhāto (whatever treasures are there in the world or in the sky, the extinguishment of craving was properly preached by the ssb with omniscience)
      • extra notes:
        • yogavibhāga / suttavibhāga→applying only a part of a sutta - e.g.: shortening when a vowel is succeeding cannot be done by the sutta “byañjane dīgharassa” since it only allows to shorten when followed by a consonant. Therefore, Payogasiddhi (for moggallāna) instructs to use yogavibhāga “dīgharassā” of this sutta to in such places
        • yoga / sutta→grammar rules
        • rūpasiddhi is for kaccāyana, payogasiddhi for moggallāna
    • 5 vuddhisandhi
      • what it is
        • the euphonic combination that involves the strengthening of the i-/ u-vaṇṇa into e / o respectively, which normally occurs after a pubba- or para-saralopa, but also, as an exception, without any lopa
      • 4 (+1) types (with an example)
        • exception: without the elision of any vowel (paccorasmiṁ)
          • paccorasmiṁ→pati + urasmiṁ ⇒ pacc + urasmiṁ ⇒ pacc + orasmiṁ (in the middle of the chest?)
        • i-v ⇒ e
          • after pubbasaralopa (upekkhassa)
            • upekkhā ⇒ upa + ikkhā (equanimity)
            • apekkhā ⇒ apa + ikkhā (expectation) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • veti ⇒ vi + iti (wanes, disappears) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • apeti ⇒ apa + iti (√i)
            • apeto ⇒ apa + ito
            • upeti ⇒ upa + iti
            • upeto ⇒ upa + ito (approaches, endowed with)
            • jineritaṁ ⇒ jina + īritaṁ (uttered by the Victor) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • vāteritāni ⇒ vāta + īritāni (moved by the wind) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • after parasaralopa (janesabhassa)
            • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • munelayo→muni + ālayo ⇒ muni + _laya ⇒ mune + laya (the place of the sages)
              • rathesabho→rathī + āsabho ⇒ rathī + _sabho ⇒ rathe + sabho (the king who is the greatest among the charioteers in the war) (according to comm. & saddanīti: usabho is the succeeding word here)
              • janesabho→janī + āsabho ⇒ janī + _sabho ⇒ jane + sabho (the king who is the greatest among the kings who have people)
        • u-v ⇒ o
          • after pubbasaralopa (nopeti)
            • gaṅgodakaṁ ⇒ gaṅgā + udakaṁ
            • vodakaṁ ⇒ vi + udakaṁ (free from water) - payogasiddhi: according to rūpasiddhi, this vuddhi only happens when the preceding avaṇṇa is elided, but examples like this show that this can happen after other elisions as well #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • nopeti ⇒ na + upeti (does not approach)
            • yathodake ⇒ yathā + udake (as in the water) pubbeva sannivāsena (having lived together in the past), paccuppannahitena vā (one has done something for the other's welfare) evaṁ taṁ jāyate pemaṁ (that love appears), uppalaṁva yathodake (like a lotus on water) (jātaka 1, 66)
            • udakomi ⇒ udaka + ūmi (a wave of water) note: the vuddhi of the pubbasara is rare #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • after parasaralopa (sotthī)
            • sotthi→su + atthi ⇒ su + _tthi ⇒ so + tthi (that which has good benefit, prosperity, well-being)
            • sotthī→su + itthī ⇒ su + _tthī ⇒ so + tthī (good woman) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
        • mem aid:
          • vuddhisandhimhi: paccorasmiṁ upekkhassa janesabhassa nopeti sotthī (a good woman does not approach the middle of the chest of the neutral one who has the most people)
      • why is a ⇒ ā not included here?→it is not under vuddhi because it is included in dīgha
    • 4 ādesasandhi
      • what it is
        • the euphonic combination that involved the substitution of either a vowel, a consonant, a combination, or of niggahīta
      • 4 types
        • sarādesa - 7 types (more on previous semester)
          • i-v + s ⇒ y + s (ityapi) u-v + s ⇒ v + s (svākkhāto) (37. yavā sare)
            • when a vowel is succeeding, i-vaṇṇa ⇒ y, and u-vaṇṇa ⇒ v
            • i-v + s ⇒ y + s note: this ādesa is usually followed by other replacements such as ty ⇒ cc (under byañjanādesa)
              • vutyassa ⇒ vutti + assa ⇒ vutt y + assa (ādesa) ⇒ vutyassa (saṃyogādilopa) - Paṭisanthāravutyassa, ācārakusalo siyā (dhammapada) - A monk should be hospitable by habit, and skilled in his conduct #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • paṇḍitātyattha ⇒ paṇḍitāti + attha
              • senāpatītyāhaṃ ⇒ senāpatīti + ahaṃ (I, as the general)
              • ityeke ⇒ iti + eke (thus, some people)
              • ityattha ⇒ iti + attha (thus, here)
              • ityapi ⇒ iti + api (thus also)
            • u-v + s ⇒ v + s
              • svākkhāto ⇒ su + akkhāto ⇒ sv akkhāto ⇒ sv ākkhato (dīgha for buddhisukha) (well said) -svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo (dīgha mahāvagga, 80)
              • anveti ⇒ anu + eti ⇒ an v + eti (ādesa) - Tato naṃ sukhamanveti, chāyāva anapāyinī (dmp, 1)
              • anvaddhamāsaṃ ⇒ anu + addhamāsaṃ - Yo pana bhikkhu anvaddhamāsaṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne evaṃ vadeyya
              • pātvākāsi ⇒ pātu + akāsi (manifested) - Atha kho bhagavā aññatarasmiṃ padese sitaṃ pātvākāsi - Then, the Blessed one manifested a smile in a certain place #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • svāgataṃ ⇒ su + āgataṃ (welcome) - svāgataṃ nāpagataṃ, nayidaṃ dummantitaṃ mama (majjhimapaṇṇāsa, 308) - My coming to the Buddha was good, and it was not fruitful. The though I had to come to ordain as a monk was not a bad thought; it was of course a good decision - Svāgataṃ te mahārāja (petavatthu, 203) O great king, your coming is a good coming; Welcome! #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • bahvābādho ⇒ bahu + ābādho (one with a lot of sickness)
              • madhvāsavo ⇒ madhu + āsavo (wine from the madhu; grapes / Bassia Latifolia) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • st: e + a ⇒ y + a (myāyaṁ) o + s ⇒ v + s (kvattho) (38. eonaṁ)
            • when a vowel is succeeding, sometimes e / o ⇒ y / v respectively (y only with a, e.g.: me, te, ke, ye...)
            • e + a ⇒ y + a
              • myāyaṃ ⇒ me + ayaṃ ⇒ my + ayaṃ (ādesa) ⇒ my + āyaṃ (dīgha) - Adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro, duddaso. (vinaya mahāvagga, 5)
              • tyassa ⇒ te + assa
              • tyāhaṃ ⇒ te + ahaṃ (them, I) (with vuddhi)
              • pabbatyāhaṃ ⇒ pabbate + ahaṃ (I, in the mountain)
              • kyassa ⇒ ke + assa (who, to him)
            • o + s ⇒ v + s
              • kvattho ⇒ ko + attho ⇒ k v + attho (ādesa) (what is the use) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • yāvatakvassa ⇒ yāvatako + assa (how much is his) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • tāvatakvassa ⇒ tāvatako + assa (that much is his) - yāvatakvassa kāyo, tāvatakvassa byāmo. (pāthikavagga, 118) - however much that great man’s body is, that much is that great man’s fathom
              • yatvādhikaraṇaṃ ⇒ yato + adhikaraṇaṃ ⇒ yatv + adhikaraṇaṁ ⇒ yatv + ādhikaraṇaṁ (vuddhi of parasara) (due to which cause) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • yvāhaṃ ⇒ yo + ahaṃ (vuddhi of parasara) (which I)
              • svāhaṃ ⇒ so + ahaṃ (vuddhi of parasara) (that I)
          • i-v (padante) + s ⇒ iy + s (tiyaddhaṁ) u-v (padante) + s ⇒ uv + s (bhuvādigaṇo) (39.yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅuvaṅ) note: they could also be formed by adding y / v (under āgama)
            • when at the end of a word and when a vowel is succeeding, i-/u-vaṇṇa ⇒ iy / uv respectively
            • i-v (at the end of a word) + s ⇒ iy + s
              • tiyaddhaṃ ⇒ ti + addhaṃ ⇒ t iy + addhaṃ (i ⇒ iy) (three aspects of time)
                • bhagavā tiyaddhaṃ paṭiccasamuppādaṃ sabbākārato jānāti (pārājikaṭṭhakathā 1, 86) The Blessed One knows the dependent origination which has three times.
                • (Mama acchariyaṃ disvā, sopi buddho viyākari, imamhi bhaddake kappe, ayaṃ buddho bhavissati (buddhavaṃsa, 376) - Having seen my wonder, that Buddha (Kassapa Buddha) also declared, saying “this man will become Buddha in this great eon”.
              • viyākari ⇒ vi + ākari (declared) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • viyatto ⇒ vi + atto (learned; skillful; wise = byatta) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • pañcamiyatthe ⇒ pañcamī + atthe (in the meaning of ablative case)
                • could this be a rassasandhi after an āgama? #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • u-v (at the end of a word) + s ⇒ uv + s (they could also be vāgama)
              • duvaṅgikaṃ ⇒ du + aṅgikaṃ ⇒ duv + aṅgikaṃ (u ⇒ uv) (that which has two factors) duvaṅgikaṃ jhānaṃ hoti (dhammasaṅgaṇī, 45) There is a jhāna with two factors
              • bhikkhuvāsane ⇒ bhikkhu + āsane (in the seat of the monk)
              • bhuvādigaṇo ⇒ bhū + ādigaṇo (group of roots such as bhū)
          • st: iti + eva ⇒ itveva (i ⇒ v) (40. vitisseve vā)
            • when eva is succeeding, sometimes ending i of iti ⇒ v
            • itveva ⇒ iti + eva (just as) - isigili isigilitveva samaññā udapādi (isigilisutta, uparipaṇṇāsa, 113) - The name appeared just as ‘isigili’ #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • exceptions:
              • vilapatveva ⇒ vilapati + eva (it only laments) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • anusetveva ⇒ anuseti + eva (it lies dorment indeed) - anusetvevassa vicikicchānusayo (majjhimapaṇṇāsa, 96) - His dorment doubt lies dorment indeed.
          • rare: e + m/d āgama ⇒ a + m/d āgama (yācakamāgate) st: o ⇒ a (esa bhagavato) (41. eonamavaṇṇe)
            • rare: e + m/d āgama ⇒ a + m/d āgama
              • yācakamāgate ⇒ yācake + āgate ⇒ yācake + māgate (māgama) ⇒ yācaka + māgate (e ⇒ a) (beggars who have come) - na ve dessanti sappaññā, disvā yācakamāgate (jātaka 1, 162) - After seeing the beggers who have come, the wise ones do not hate them, indeed.
              • paṇḍitamāgate ⇒ paṇḍite + āgate ⇒ paṇḍite + māgate ⇒ paṇḍita māgate (the wise ones who have come)
            • st: o ⇒ a
              • esa bhagavato ⇒ eso + bhagavato (this is the blessed one’s…)
              • sa sīlavā ⇒ so + sīlavā (he is virtuous) sa sīlavā paññavā dhammiko siyā (dhammapada, 25)
              • sa ve ⇒ so + ve - sa ve kāsāvamarahati (dhammapada, 14)
              • esa nayo ⇒ eso + nayo (this method)
              • esa maggo ⇒ eso + maggo (this path)
              • esa devamanussānaṃ ⇒ eso + devamanussānaṃ (this is, of deities and humans)
              • aggamakkhāyati ⇒ aggo + akkhāyati ⇒ aggo + makkhāyati (said as greatest) - yāvatā bhikkhave dhammā saṅkhatā vā asaṅkhatā vā virāgo tesaṃ aggamakkhāyati (catukkanipāta, 343) - Monks! As far as the conditioned or unconditioned things are, among all of them, virāga (nibbāna) is called as the greatest #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • normally a s/b is succeeding, but not always Thambhasadiso hi esa. (dhmsgnat, 151) This (phassa cetasika) is like a pillar.
          • go + s ⇒ gav + s (gaveḷakaṁ) go + b ⇒ gava + b (sagavacaṇḍo) (42. gossāvaṅ)
            • when a sara is succeeding, o of go ⇒ av when a byañana is succeeding, o of go ⇒ ava
            • go + s > gav + s
              • gavāssaṃ ⇒ go + assaṃ ⇒ gav + assaṃ (o + s ⇒ av + s) ⇒ gav + āssaṃ (dīgha due to an ādesa) ⇒ gavāssaṃ (ox and horse) - khettaṃ vatthuṃ hiraññaṃ vā, gavāssaṃ dāsaporisaṃ (suttanipāta, 399) - fields, plots of land, gold, oxen, horses, slaves, or men. #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • gaveḷakaṃ ⇒ go + eḷakaṃ (oxen and goats) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • go + b ⇒ gava + b
              • sagavacaṇḍo ⇒ sago + caṇḍo (the ox that is violent towards one’s own oxen) - sagavacaṇḍo no paragavacaṇḍo (catukkanipāta, 423) - there is an ox which is violent towards the oxen in one’s own group, but not towards oxen of other groups. #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • appavidhāna (uncommon replacements - all done by the mahāsutta)
            • u ⇒ i (mātito)
              • mātito ⇒ mātuto (from mother) - aññātikā nāma mātito vā pitito vā yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā asambaddhā. (pārājikapāḷi, 307) - One who is called aññātikā (bhikkhuṇī) is the one who is not connected until seventh pair of grandparents from mother’s side or father’s side.
            • a ⇒ u (puthujjano)
              • puthujjano ⇒ putha + jano ⇒ puthu + jano (person who is separate from the noble beings) - here, ‘putha’ is considered as the first word and puthu is also mentioned, but in Pāḷi and comm ‘puthu’ is often seen
            • e ⇒ i (only in gāthā) (hemantagimhisu)
              • hemantagimhisu ⇒ hemantagimhesu (in winter and summer) - idha vassaṃ vasissāmi, idha hemantagimhisu (dhammapada, 54) - I will dwell here during the rainy season, winter and summer as well
            • a-v ⇒ o (disodisaṁ)
              • saradosataṃ ⇒ sarada + sataṃ (a hundred autumns [years]) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • disodisaṃ ⇒ disā + disaṃ (various directions, from one direction to another) - itthiṃ vāhanaṃ katvā, anuyanti disodisaṃ (pāthikavagga, 162) - They go various directions, having made a woman their vehicle. #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • parosataṃ ⇒ parasataṃ (more than a hundred) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • parosahassaṃ ⇒ parasahassaṃ (more than a thousand) - parosahassaṃ kho panassa puttā bhavanti (sīlakkhandha, 83) - there are more than a thounsand sons of a universal monarch. #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • aññoññaṃ ⇒ añña + aññaṃ ⇒ añño + aññaṃ (one another) - ubho nissāya gacchanti, manussā nāvā ca aṇṇave; evaṃ nāmañca rūpañca, ubho aññoññanissitā (visuddhimagga 2, 232) - men and ships go in the ocean depending one one another. Likewise, non material and material realties exist depending on one another - aññamaññaṃ is formed when m is inserted instead of the o replacement #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • ponobbhavikā / ponobhavikā (2 options) ⇒ option 1: puna (nip) + bhava ⇒ punabbhava + ṇika ⇒ ponabbhavikā (a ⇒ o) ⇒ (optionally b is elided) option 2: puno (nip) + bhava ⇒ punobbhava + ṇika ⇒ ponobbhavika - yāyaṃ taṇhā ponobbhavikā / ponobhavikā nandirāgasahagatā tatratatrābhinandinī (dhammacakkappavattanasutta) - whatever this craving, that makes rebirth, and that goes together with lust and delight, and finds pleasure in this and that
              • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • aṇṇava [√ar + na + vant + a]↔masc. sea; ocean; body of water (with a)
            • u ⇒ o (sotatto)
              • jambonadaṃ ⇒ jambunadaṃ (a sort of gold coming from jambu river) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • sotatto ⇒ sutatto (very heated) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • i ⇒ a (sakadāgāmī)
              • tadamināpi ⇒ taṃ + iminā + api ⇒ tad + imināpi (ṁ ⇒ d) ⇒ tad + amināpi (i ⇒ a) (that / by this) - tadamināpi jānātha, yathāmedaṃ nidassanaṃ (vasalasutta, suttanipāta, 299) - Know that, by this as well, as this example of mine.
              • sakadāgāmī ⇒ sakiṃ + āgāmī ⇒ sakid āgāmī (ṁ ⇒ d) ⇒ sakadāgāmī (i ⇒ a) (one who comes once)
            • o ⇒ u (manuñño)
              • manuññaṃ ⇒ manoññaṃ (pleasant) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • mem aid:
              • sarādesasandhimhi: mātito puthujjano hemantagimhisu disodisaṁ sotatto; sakadāgāmī manuñño (from the mother, the worldly person, in the winter and summer, from one direction to another, is very hot [with defilements]; the once-returner is pleasant)
          • other mnemonics:
            • mem aid 1:
              • a>u (ouch)
              • a-v>o (granpa)
              • i>v/a (likes)
              • i-v>y/iy (ivy)
              • u>i/o (io)
              • u-v>uv/v (uva - grape)
              • e>i/y/a-v (hey ya)
              • o>u/a-v/v/av/ava (oh avavava)
              • ouch! grandpa likes ivy, the italian I, grapes - hey ya, oh avavava!
            • mem aid 2:
              • yavā sare
                • iv/uv + s ⇒ y / v
              • eonaṁ
                • e+a / o+s ⇒ y / v
              • yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅuvaṅ
                • i-v/u-v ⇒ iy / uv
              • vitisseve vā
                • iti eva ⇒ itveva
              • eonam avaṇṇe
                • e / o ⇒ a-v
              • gossāvaṅ
                • go + b ⇒ gava + b
                • go + s ⇒ gav + s
              • appavidhānaṁ
            • in the order of vowels:
              • a>u (ap)
              • av>o (ap)
              • i>v/a (ap)
              • iv>y/iy
              • u>i (ap) /o (ap)
              • uv>uv/v
              • e>i (ap)/y/a
              • o>u (ap)/a/v/av/ava
            • symbols:
              • s: sara
              • b: byañjana
              • st: sometimes
              • ⇒: becomes / comes from
        • byañjanādesa - 5 types
          • st: v.a. (-ta-v) / l / s + y ⇒ v.a. (-ta-v) / l / s + v.a. (-ta-v) / l / s (nepakko) 43. vaggalasehi te
            • sometimes y, when preceded by a vaggakkhara (exc. tavagga, because it becomes cavagga [next sutta]) or l or s, may be substituted by that same letter (ky ⇒ kk)‒if aspirate, it becomes inaspirate (khy ⇒ khkh ⇒ kkh) note: ṭavagga is rare
            • khya ⇒ khkha ⇒ kkha jya ⇒ jja gya ⇒ gga pya ⇒ ppa ghya ⇒ ghgha ⇒ ggha bya ⇒ bba cya ⇒ cca mya ⇒ mma
            • kavagga
              • nepakka→nepakya (maturity; prudence; wisdom) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • sobhagga→sobhagya (splendour; beauty) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • cavagga
              • paccate→pacyate (is cooked)
              • vuccate→vucyate (is said)
              • vāṇijja→vāṇijya (trade)
            • (tavagga becomes cavagga [next sutta])
            • (ṭavagga is rare)
            • pavagga
              • vappate→vapyate (is sown) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • gamma→gamya (grāmya)
            • l and s
              • lya ⇒ lla sya ⇒ ssa
              • ly ⇒ ll
                • kosalla↔kosalya (y⇒l) (skillfulness; cleverness)
                • vipallāsa↔viparyāsa (r⇒l [vyañjanādesa]) ⇒ vipalyāsa (saññāvipallāsādi vipallāsa; viparyāsa)
                • pallaṅka↔paryaṅka (r⇒l [vyañjanādesa]) ⇒ palyaṅka (paryaṃkaya)
              • sy ⇒ ss
                • rahassa↔rahasya (a secret) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • nassati↔nasyati (perishes, root nas + divādi ya suffix)
          • 44. tavaggavaraṇānaṃ ye cavaggabayañā
            • ta-v + y ⇒ ca-v + y
              • usually, ta-vagga, when followed by 'y', becomes ca-vagga (ty ⇒ cy) then occurs the assimilation of the previous sutta (vaggalasehi te: cy ⇒ cc)
              • ty ⇒ cy (⇒ cc) thy = chy (⇒ chch ⇒ cch) dy = jy (⇒ jj) dhy = jhy (⇒ jhjh ⇒ jjh) ny = ñy (⇒ ññ)
              • paṇḍicca↔paṇḍitya (t⇒c) ⇒ paṇḍicya (y⇒c) (wisdom)
              • taccha↔tathya (ta-v ⇒ ca-v) ⇒ tachya (vaggalasehi te) ⇒ tachcha (1st dhanita ⇒ sithila) (truth)
              • najjā↔nadyā ⇒ najyā (of the river)
              • ajjhokāso↔adhyokāso ⇒ ajhyokāso ⇒ ajhjhokāso (the open air; empty space)
              • thañña↔thanya ⇒ thañya (breast-milk)
            • v / r / ṇ + ya ⇒ b / y / ñ + ya, respectively
              • v + ya ⇒ bya
                • pathabyā ⇒ pathavyā (of earth - here, y is not assimilated) dibba ⇒ divya ⇒ dibya (divine) byākato ⇒ vyākato (declared) byatto ⇒ vyatto (skilled) byañjanaṃ ⇒ vyañjanaṃ (consonant, curry)
                • byatto ⇒ vyatto (skilled)
                • byañjanaṃ ⇒ vyañjanaṃ (consonant, curry)
              • r + ya ⇒ yya
                • ayyo ⇒ aryo (ariyo) (noble person, master, lord)
                • kayyate ⇒ karyate (is done)
              • ṇ + ya ⇒ ñya
                • sāmañña↔samaṇa + ṇya ⇒ sāmaṇ ya ⇒ sāmañya (y ⇒ ñ) (the state of a monk, monkhood)
          • st: t / th / n / r ⇒ ṭ / ṭh / ṇ / l, respectively 52. tathanarānaṃ ṭaṭhaṇalā
            • sometimes tathanara become ṭaṭhaṇala, respectively
            • t ⇒ ṭ
              • dukkaṭaṃ↔dukkataṃ (that which is badly done)
              • paṭicchanno↔paticchanno (covered, hidden)
              • paṭihaññati↔patihaññati (is struck, is hit)
            • (t)th ⇒ (ṭ)ṭh
              • aṭṭhakathā↔atthakathā (commentary)
              • pīḷanaṭṭho↔pīḷanattho (the meaning which is the state of suffering) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • aṭṭhiṃ katvā↔atthiṃ katvā (having made it useful; having considered it as beneficial‒yaṃ tvaṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne na sādhukaṃ aṭṭhiṃ katvā manasi karosi) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • n ⇒ ṇ
              • saraṇaṃ↔saranaṃ (refuge)
              • paṇidhi↔panidhi (wish, establishment)
              • pariṇāmeti↔parināmeti (diverts to) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • ñāṇaṃ↔ñānaṃ (wisdom)
            • r ⇒ l
              • mahāsālo↔mahāsāro (one with great wealth; very rich)
              • palibodho↔paribodho (that which obstructs by the surrounding; obstruction)
              • pallaṅko↔pariaṅko ⇒ paryaṅko ⇒ palyaṅko (sitting by placing the legs in a surrounding manner; cross-legged sitting posture)
          • appavidhāna (20)
            • k ⇒ kh
              • nikkhamati↔ni + kamati ⇒ ni + khamati (reduplication of kh ⇒ kkh) (leaves)
            • k ⇒ d
              • sadattha↔saka + attha ⇒ sakattha (one’s own improvement‒sadatthapasuto siyā [one should engage in {pursue} one’s own improvement.]) note: it could also be: sa + attha ⇒ sadattha (dāgama)
            • kh ⇒ g
              • eḷamūgo↔eḷamūkho (person with a mouth dripping saliva while speaking; drooling fool‒ummatto vā khittacitto vā eḷamūgo vā hoti. Ayaṃ surāpānassa nissando [one becomes insane, mentally unbalanced or a drooling fool. This is the cosequence of drinking alcohol.]
            • g ⇒ k
              • kulūpako↔kulūpago (one who goes to houses; a family- associate) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • gh ⇒ h
              • sīho↔sīgho (one who is fast; lion)
            • c ⇒ ch
              • vinicchayo↔vini + cayo ⇒ vini + chayo (dvibhāvasandhi: ch ⇒ cch) (decision; judgement)
            • ch ⇒ s
              • saḷāyatanaṃ↔cha + āyatanaṃ ⇒ sa + āyatanaṃ (ḷ āgama)⇒ sa + ḷ + āyatanaṃ (six sense bases)
            • j ⇒ y
              • niyaṃ↔nijaṃ (born depending on oneself‒mātā yathā niyaṃ puttaṃ, āyusā ekaputtamanurakkhe [as a mother would protect, with her life, her own son / her only son]) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • ñ ⇒ ṇ
              • paṇṇatti↔paññatti (concept, regulation)
              • paṇṇāsa↔paññāsa (fifty)
            • t ⇒ th
              • nittharaṇaṃ↔ni + taraṇaṃ ⇒ ni + tharaṇaṃ (dvibhāvasandhi: th ⇒ tth) (crossing over)
                • kullūpamaṃ vo, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desessāmi. Nittharaṇatthāya, no gahaṇatthāya. (alagaddūpamasutta, mūlapaṇṇāsa, 187) I will preach you, O monks, how the dhamma has simile of a raft: for crossing over, not for grasping.
            • t ⇒ n
              • jino↔jito (the conqueror; Buddha)
            • d ⇒ ḍ
              • kāyaḍāho↔kāyadāho (distress of the body)
            • d ⇒ ḷ
              • pariḷāho↔paridāho (burning; distress)
              • āḷāhanaṃ↔ādāhanaṃ (place where burning is done; cemetery) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • d ⇒ t
              • sugato↔sugado (one who speaks good words; the Buddha)
            • dh ⇒ d
              • idāhaṃ↔idha + ahaṃ ⇒ idhāhaṃ (here, I) (comm: ida is nipāta)
                • ekamidāhaṃ, bhikkhave, samayaṃ ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharāmi. (mahāpadānasutta, mahāvagga, 42) On one occasion, O monks, I was staying in this ukkaṭṭhā city.
            • dh ⇒ h
              • sāhu dassanaṃ↔sādhu dassanaṃ (seeing is good)
                • sāhu dassanamariyānaṃ, sannivāso sadā sukho (dhammapada, 44) Seeing noble ones is good, living together with them is always a bliss.
              • sunihito↔sunidhito (well buried)
                • eso nidhi sunihito, ajeyyo anugāmiko (nidhikaṇḍasutta, khuddakapāṭha, 10) That treasure is well buried, cannot be taken by defeating, and that follows you even to the next life.
            • p ⇒ ph
              • nipphannaṃ↔ni + pannaṃ ⇒ ni + phannaṃ (produced)
            • m ⇒ p
              • cirappavāsiṃ↔ciraṃ + pavāsiṃ (mākārādesa) ⇒ cirampavāsiṃ (one who has stayed far away for a long time)
            • y ⇒ v
              • āvudhaṃ↔āyudhaṃ (weapon)
              • āvuso↔āyuso (one who has long life)
            • l ⇒ r
              • nerañjarā↔nelañjalā (nīla jala) (river with pure water)
            • v (without y) ⇒ b
              • pabbajito↔pa vajito ⇒ pavvajito (dvebhāva) (renunciant, renounced from, exiled)
          • mem aid:
            • appavidhānaṁ
              • paṇṇāsā eḷamūgā cirappavāsino sīhā nerañjaraṁ nittharantā nikkhamanti 15 stupid far-dwelling lions crossing the nerañjara renounced. kulūpakassa kāyaḍāho pariḷāho saḷāyatane nipphanno the bodily fever and distress of the one who approaches families is produced in the 6 bases. pabbajitassa jinassa vinicchayo: "idāhaṁ, āvuso, sugato. niyo sadattho sāhu." the judgement of the conqueror of the renunciants: "here, friend, I am well-gone. one's own highest welfare is good."
            • other mnemonics:
              • k kh g gh ṅ c ch j jh ñ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh (ṇ) ('t' 'th' d dh 'n') p ph b bh m y ('r') l (v) s h ḷ ṁ
                • _: vaggalasehi te
                • (): tavaggavaraṇānaṁ cavaggabayañā
                • '': tathanarānaṁ ṭaṭhaṇalā
                • red: appavidhāna
              • k ⇒ kh, d kh ⇒ g g ⇒ k gh ⇒ h c ⇒ ch ch ⇒ s j ⇒ y ñ ⇒ ṇ t ⇒ th, n d ⇒ ḍ, ḷ, t dh ⇒ d, h p ⇒ ph m ⇒ p y ⇒ v l ⇒ r
              • khagga kuha deceitful horn / sword
              • chasu yañña (ñ>ṇ) (sacrifice in 6 [directions])
              • thāne daleti daharo (the boy breaks the place)
        • missakādesa (ava + kāso ⇒ okāso)
          • replacement of two or more letters‒a consonant and its vowel or more‒for one or more letters
          • 3 types
            • "pakati" missakādesa
              • ava ⇒ u
                • ujjhānasaññī↔ava + jhānasaññī (with the (perception) intention of looking for fault)
                • uññā↔ava + ñā (contempt) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • ava ⇒ o
                • ovādo↔ava + vādo (advice; admonition)
                • onaddho↔ava + naddho (covered with; wrapped with)
                • okāso↔ava + kāso (space)
                • olokanaṃ↔ava + lokanaṃ (looking)
              • va ⇒ o
                • uposatho↔upa vasatho ⇒ upa osatho (the day on which people live endowed with sīla)
                  • can't it be ava ⇒ o? #q🙋🏼‍♂
                • ko↔kva (where)
                  • ko te suto vā diṭṭho vā, sumukho nāma vānaro (jātaka 1, 121) Where have you heard or seen, that which is called a monkey with a beautiful face.
              • ku ⇒ kru
                • krubbati↔kubbati (does)
              • tta ⇒ tra
                • atrajo↔attajo (born from oneself) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • (extra) da ⇒ dra
                • (extra) sukhudrayo↔sukha udayo (yielding happiness) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • dda ⇒ dra
                • bhadro↔bhaddo (good person) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • (extra) ba ⇒ bra
                • (extra) brāhmaṇo↔bāhitapāpattā arahā brāhmaṇoti vuccati
              • vi ⇒ vya
                • byamhito↔vimhito (surprised; amazed) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • kkha ⇒ ccha
                • acchi↔akkhi (eye) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • sacchi (nipāta)↔saha + acchi (from akkhi) (that which is together with eye; witnessed; by adding verbs to it, sacchikaroti (realize), etc are formed) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • akkharasaṁkhitta missakādesa (replacement by contracting) bahvakkharānaṃ appattamaññathattañca (sdnt)
              • ācero↔ācariyo (teacher) (contraction)
            • akkharavaḍḍhi missakādesa (replacement by increasing / expanding) (only in gāthā) appakkharānaṃ bahuttamaññathattañca (sdnt)
              • sattavo↔satto (ta ⇒ tava) (being) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • suvāminī↔sāminī (ā ⇒ uvā) (mistress) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • suvaka↔saka (sa ⇒ suva) (one’s own) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • mem aid:
              • bhadro sattavo brāhmaṇo ācero uposathe suvakassa sukhudrayaṁ krubbati. byamhitā suvāminī atrajāhi uññāhi acchīhi oloketi. the good brahmin teacher, in the uposatha, does what yields happiness. The surprised mistress looks with eyes of self-generated contempt.
          • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • vaḍḍhi [√vaḍḍh + ti]↔1 fem. growth; increase; development 2 fem. well-being; good fortune; lit. growth 3 fem. (of money) gain; profit; lit. growth 4 adj. growing; increasing; developing 5 aor. grew, prospered
            • [√vaḍḍh + ti] vuḍḍhi↔fem. increase; prosperity; development; elevation
        • bindvādesa / niggahītādesa - 4 types
          • mayadādesa (replacement with m, y, and d) st: ṁ + s ⇒ m / y / d + s (maṅgalaṁ uttamaṁ maṅgalamuttamaṁ) 47. mayadā sare.
            • sometimes, ṁ, when followed by a sara, is replaced by m, y, or d
            • when they normally occur
              • mādesa‒mostly found with ya, ta and eta (m./f.) and after all other nouns
                • yamāhu↔yaṃ (f.) + āhu (said to which woman)
                  • note: exception with nt.: Yametaṃ vārijaṃ pupphaṃ, adinnaṃ upasiṅghasi (Which ungiven flower that is arisen in water you sniff at)
                • tamatthaṃ↔taṃ + atthaṃ (that meaning)
                • etamatthaṃ↔etaṃ + atthaṃ (that meaning)
                • evametaṃ↔evaṃ + etaṃ
                • maṅgalamuttamaṃ↔maṅgalaṃ + uttamaṃ
              • yādesa (only one case)
                • tayidaṃ↔taṃ + idaṃ (that this)
              • dādesa‒found with ya, ta, and eta (nt., but in samāsa 3) and after all other nouns
                • etadavoca↔etaṃ + avoca (said this)
                • yadabravi↔yaṁ abravi (which word he told) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                  • [√brū + a + i] abravi↔aor. (+acc) said (a) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • tadaniccaṃ↔taṃ aniccaṃ (that is impermament)
                • etadavoca↔etaṃ avoca (etaṃ vacanaṃ avoca – said this word)
                • samāsa
                  • yadanantaraṃ↔yassa anantaraṃ (vibhatti elided and ṁ inserted) ⇒ yaṃ + anantaraṁ (next to which; here, ya can be of any gender)
                    • why is ṁ inserted here? #q🙋🏼‍♂
                • sakiṃ + āgāmī = sakadāgāmī
          • byañjanādesa ṁ + b ⇒ bb usually: saṁ- / puṁ- + l (saṁ lekho sallekho) byañjanesu pararūpaṁ (nrtdpn) appavidhāna (nrtdpn) saṃupasaggapumantassa le lakāro (rpsd)
            • ṁ is replaced with (/ assimilated to) the succeeding consonant‒usually "saṁ-" and "puṁ" (from puma: man) when l is succeeding
            • saṁ-
              • sallekho↔saṃ + lekho (that which well scrapes the defilements; austere penance) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • paṭisallīno↔paṭisaṃ + līno (having taken the mind away from various objects, hidden, one who has entered into a jhāna) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • paṭisaṃ↔having taken the mind away from various objects #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • līno↔hidden; one who has entered into a jhāna
            • puṃ
              • pulliṅgaṃ↔puṃ + liṅgaṃ (male gender; masculine gender)
            • with other byañjanas
              • sakkaroti↔saṃ + karoti (does well; honours) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • sakkacca (gerund) / sakkaccaṃ↔saṃ + kacca (having done well; well)
                • kacca [√kar + tya]↔ger. (+acc) doing; making; acting; performing
          • vaggantādesa st: ṁ + v.a. ⇒ v.a.'s vagganta + v.a. (dīpaṁ karo dīpaṅkaro) 46.vagge vagganto
            • sometimes, ṁ, when followed by a vaggakkhara, is replaced by the vagganta of that vagga
            • 3 types
              • niccavidhi (always happens) (taṇhaṅkaro)
                • ṁ + ka-v
                  • taṇhaṅkaro↔taṇhaṃ + karo (one who destroys greed [kar as destroy]/ one who makes affection in others towards oneself due to the perfect physical and mental qualities)
                • ṁ + ca-v
                  • sañjāto↔saṃ + jāto (well arisen) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • ṁ + ṭa-v
                  • saṇṭhito↔saṃ + ṭhito (well established)
                • ṁ + ta-v
                  • purindado↔puriṃ + dado (one who gave donations in the past; Sakka) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                  • sandhi↔saṃ + dhi (that which is well placed; euphonic combination)
                • ṁ + pa-v
                  • sambuddho↔saṃ + buddho (the one who realized by oneself; the Buddha)
                  • sammato↔saṃ + mato (well known; appoined, approved)
              • aniccavidhi (happens sometimes) (saṅgho saṁgho)
                • dhammañcare / dhammaṃ care↔dhammaṃ + care (one should practice dhamma)
                  • dhammaṃ care sucaritaṃ (dhammapada, 39) dhammañcare sucaritaṃ (apadānaṭṭhakathā 1, 106)
                • saṃgho / saṅgho↔saṃ + gho (saṅgho is not given as an optional example in any grammar book, but as both forms are found in the tipiṭaka, it should be considered so)
              • asantavidhi (never happens) (saraṇaṁ gacchāmi)
                • saraṇaṃ gacchāmi (buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi)
                • kammaṃ kataṃ (na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu)
          • ñādesa st: ṁ + y / eva / hi ⇒ ñ + y / eva / hi 48.yevahisu ño
            • sometimes, ṁ, when followed by y / eva / hi, is replaced by ñ
            • ṁ + y (followed by vaggalasehi te)
              • ānantarikaññamāhu↔ānantarikaṃ + yamāhu ⇒ ānantarikañ + yamāhu (yevahisu ñō) ⇒ ānantarikañ + ñamāhu (vaggalasehi te) (which they called without interval)
              • yaññadeva↔yaṃ + yadeva ⇒ yañ yadeva ⇒ yañ ñadeva
              • saṁ- + y 49. Ye saṃssa
                • saññogo↔saṃ + yogo ⇒ sañ + yogo ⇒ sañ ñogo
                • saññojanaṃ↔saṃ + yojanaṃ ⇒ sañ yojanaṁ ⇒ sañ ñojanaṁ
                • saññamo↔saṃ + yamo ⇒ sañ yamo ⇒ sañ ñamo
                • saññācikāya↔saṃ + yācikāya ⇒ sañ yācikāya ⇒ sañ ñācikāya (by one’s own request)
            • ṁ + eva (followed by dvebhāva)
              • taññeva↔taṃ + eva ⇒ tañ + eva ⇒ taññ + eva (that itself)
              • purisaññeva↔purisaṃ + eva
              • paccattaññeva↔paccattaṃ + eva (+dvebhāva) (in each one’s self)
            • ṁ + hi
              • tañhi↔taṃ + hi
              • atthasañhito↔atthasaṃhito (that which has meaning)
          • mem aid:
            • ṁ s - mayadā sare
              • mādesa - nl: ya ta eta m/f & nouns
                • exc. in nt.: yametaṁ vārijaṁ pupphaṁ
                • mo yatetesu itthipulliṅgesu ca itaresu ca
              • yādesa - tayidaṁ
                • yo satayidaṁ
              • dādesa - nl: ya ta eta nt., samāse 3, & nouns
                • do yatesesu sapuṁsakesu ca samāsesu tiliṅgikesu ca itaresu ca
            • ṁ b - byañjanesu pararūpaṁ, saṁupasaggapumantassa le lakāro
            • ṁ v.a. - vagge vagganto: nicco anicco asanto
              • niccavidhi
              • aniccavidhi
              • asantavidhi
            • ṁ ya eva hi - yevahisu ño: yo vaggalasehi tena saha, evo dvebhāvena saha
              • ṁ ya ⇒ ñya + vaggalasehi te ⇒ ñña
              • ṁ eva ⇒ ñeva + dvebhāva ⇒ ññeva
              • ṁ hi ⇒ ñh
    • 4 āgamasandhi
      • what it is
        • the euphonic combination that involves the insertion of either a vowel, a consonant, ṁ, or an entire word
      • 4 types
        • sarāgama mahāsutta
          • aāgama‒often occurs to √māp (to create) in gāthā
            • paṇṇasālaṃ amāpetvā / amāpayiṁ↔paṇṇasālaṃ māpetvā / māpayiṁ (having created / I created a hermitage roofed with leaves) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • dhammanagaraṃ amāpayi↔dhammanagaraṃ māpayi (you created a dhamma city)
            • anavajja↔vajja ⇒ a + vajja ⇒ a + a (āgama) + vajja ⇒ an + a + vajja (faultless)
              • why is this a inserted?
            • anāmataṃ↔a + mataṁ ⇒ a + a (āgama) + mataṁ ⇒ an + a + mataṁ (place where no one has died before - natthi loke anāmataṃ (upasāḷakajātakaya, jātaka 1, 41) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • anamatagga↔a + matagga ⇒ a + a (āgama) + matagga ⇒ an + a + matagga (that which has no known end; with inconceivable beginning; comm: anu + amatagga (that of which the end cannot be known even by following the cycle of rebirth with wisdom for hundreds of years; not āgamasandhi here)
              • why would a be inserted? comm makes more sense #q🙋🏼‍♂
          • īāgama
            • pākaṭīkaraṇaṃ↔pākaṭa + karaṇaṃ (a is elided) ⇒ pākaṭ + karaṇaṁ (īāgama) (making clear) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • pākaṭa [pa + √kar + ta] ✓ 1↔adj. famous; well known; widespread 2 pp. made open; openly revealed 3 pp. unconcealed; open; clearly seen
            • kabaḷīkārāhāro↔kabaḷa + kārāhāro (food that is made into morsels)
          • oāgama (previous examples for a-v ⇒ o can also be oāgama)
            • saradosataṁ↔sarada sataṁ (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ sarad sataṁ (oāgama)
            • disodisaṁ↔disā disaṁ (pubbasaralopa), dis disaṁ (oāgama)
            • parosataṁ / parosahassaṁ↔para sataṁ (pubbasaralopa), par sataṁ (oāgama)
            • aññoññaṁ↔añña aññaṁ (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ aññ aññaṁ (oāgama)
            • ponobbhavikā↔puna bhava ika ⇒ pona bhava (pubbasaralopa) ⇒ pon bhava (oāgama)
            • doesn't pubbasaralopa only happen when there is a parasara? #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • why would the ā be removed? #q🙋🏼‍♂
          • mem aid: parosataṁ anavajjaṁ kabalīkārāhāraṁ amāpayiṁ
          • note: niruttidīpaṇī gives examples for a, ā, i, ī, u, and o, but some examples among them are debatable
        • byañjanāgama (before a vowel) sare pare: vanataragā ca mayadā ca āgamā, chamhā ḷāgamo, manādīhi sāgamo, bahulaṁ hāgamo ca 50.vanataragā cāgamā
          • vāgama
            • tivaṅgulaṃ↔ti + aṅgulaṃ (three inches)
            • āsanā vuṭṭhāti↔āsanā + uṭṭhāti (stand up from the seat)
            • sarādesa (uva) examples also could be here
              • duvaṅgulaṁ↔du aṅgulaṁ
              • bhuvādayo↔bhu ādayo
              • bhikkhuvāsane↔bhikkhu āsane
          • nāgama
            • na kho netaṃ↔na kho + etaṃ (not that)
            • kammaniyaṃ↔kamma + iya (fit for work)
            • lobhaniyaṃ↔lobha + iya (desirable)
          • tāgama (after ajja, yasmā, and tasmā)
            • yasmātiha↔yasmā + iha (because of what, here) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • tasmātiha↔tasmā + iha (because of that, here) (some comm say tiha is a nipāta) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • ajjatagge↔ajja + agge (starting from today)
          • rāgama (after ni, du, dhī, pātu, pāta, puna, and catu; st in gāthā: before iva and eva)
            • rūpasiddhibhāsaṭīkā: reason for rāgama
              • due to the sanskrit words nir, dur, pātar, punar, and catur that lost their rs in Pāḷi‒they reappear when the word is combined with a suceeding vowel
              • dhī is from dhik
                • in Pāḷi, it is reduplicated as in dhikkataṁ
                • if a vowel succeeds it, r is inserted: dhīratthu
                • if not combined, dhī
            • ni
              • nirantaraṃ↔ni + antaraṃ (without a space)
              • niratthakaṃ↔ni + atthakaṃ (meaningless, with no result)
            • du
              • duratikkamo→du + atikkamo (difficult to pass over)
              • duruttaṃ↔du + uttaṃ (badly said)
            • dhī
              • dhīratthu↔dhī + atthu (may insult be on it!) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • pātu
              • pāturahosi↔pātu + ahosi (appeared)
            • pāta
              • pātarāso↔pāta + āso (morning food; breakfast) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • āsa↔[ā + √is + ā + a] adj. longing for; with desire for 4.1 masc. food; meal [√as + *a] ~ #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • puna
              • punareti↔puna + eti (come again)
            • catu
              • caturaṅgikaṃ↔catu + aṅgikaṃ (that which has four factors)
            • paṭhavīdhāturevesā↔paṭhavīdhātu evesā (that is only earth element)
              • is this in gāthā or an exception? #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • st in gāthā: r + iva / eva
              • āraggeriva sāsapo↔āragge + iva (like a mustard seed on top of a needle)
              • sabbhireva samāsetha↔sabbhi + eva (associate only with virtuous ones)
              • yathariva↔yathā + iva (just like; here iva means eva)
          • gāgama
            • puthageva↔putha + eva (separate indeed) (ariyehi puthagevāyaṃ janoti puthujjano - this person is separate indeed from noble beings; therefore, (he is called) puthujjana #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • Reference is given in many books as ‘Niddesa’. However, it could not be found in Chaṭṭhasaṅgīti tipiṭaka Niddesapāḷi.
          • māgama
            • lahumessati↔lahu + essati (will come lightly)
            • idhamāhu↔idha + āhu (here, they call)
            • sabbatthamaparājitā↔sabbattha + aparājitā (unconquered everywhere)
            • kasāmiva↔kasā + iva (as from the whip)
            • ekamekassa↔eka + ekassa (to each‒syādilopa sandhi)
            • aggamakkhāyati↔agga + akkhāyati (called as greatest)
            • adukkhamasukhā↔adukkha + asukhā (feeling that is not suffering nor happiness)
            • uragāmiva↔uragaṃ + iva ⇒ uragaṃ + miva ⇒ uraga + miva (as a snake)
              • why not mādesa of niggahīta? #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • note: happens in gāthā or for vacanasukha
          • yāgama
            • yathayidaṃ↔yathā + idaṃ (as this)
            • dasayime↔dasa + ime (these ten)
            • pariyesati↔pari + esati (searches)
            • sarādesa (iya) examples can also be yāgama
              • viyatto↔vi + atto
              • viyākāsi↔vi + ākāsi
          • dāgama (after u, sakiṁ, sammā, koci, kiñci, kenaci, kismiñci, yāva, tāva, puna, and in samāsas also ya, ta, eta, atta and sa)
            • rūpasiddhi: reason for dāgama:
              • some ending letters that are present in sanskrit but not in pāḷi reapper when those words are combined with a succeeding vowel
              • u- from ut-
              • sakiṁ from sakrit
              • kenaci from kenacit
            • udayo↔u + ayo (rise)
            • udeti↔u + eti (rises)
            • sakideva↔sakiṃ + eva (only once) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • why not ādesa? #q🙋🏼‍♂
            • sakadāgāmī↔sakiṃ + āgāmī (once returner)
            • kenacideva↔kenaci + eva (by something indeed, with someone indeed) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • kiñcideva↔kiñci + eva (something indeed, someone indeed) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • kismiñcideva↔kismiñci + eva (in something indeed) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • kocideva↔koci + eva (someone indeed)
            • sammadakkhāto↔sammā + akkhāto (well told)
            • sammadeva↔sammā + eva (well indeed)
            • yāvadeva↔yāva + eva (up to which indeed)
              • yāvade↔yāvadeva (va is elided)
            • tāvadeva↔tāva + eva (up to that indeed)
              • tāvade↔tāvadeva (va is elided)
            • punadeva↔puna + eva (again indeed)
            • in samāsa
              • yadatthaṃ↔ya + atthaṃ (for which benefit)
              • tadatthaṃ↔ta + atthaṃ (for that benefit)
              • etadatthaṃ↔eta + atthaṃ (for that benefit)
              • attadatthaṃ↔atta + atthaṃ (self-benefit)
              • sadatthaṃ↔sa + atthaṃ (one’s own benefit)
            • in some other places
              • manasādaññā↔manasā + aññā (having known by mind)
              • bahudeva↔bahu + eva (much indeed)
              • ahudeva↔ahu + eva (happened indeed)
          • ḷāgama (after cha) 51.chā ḷo sare pare chamhā lāgamo
            • chaḷabhiññā↔cha + abhiññā
            • saḷāyatanaṃ↔cha + āyatanaṃ ⇒ chaḷāyatanaṃ (ch ⇒ s)
            • chaḷete↔cha + ete (these six)
          • sāgama (after stems of manogaṇa, when a vowel is succeeding) sare pare manādīhi sāgamo
            • mānasika↔mana + ṇika ⇒ māna + ika
            • cetasika↔ceta + ika
          • hāgama sare pare bahulaṃ hāgamo
            • ujū ca suhujū ca↔ujū ca su + ujū ca
            • suhuṭṭhitaṃ↔suppabhātaṃ su + uṭṭhitaṃ (good waking ups)
            • nohetaṃ bhante↔no + etaṃ (that is not, sir)
              • could it be "no hi etaṁ"? #q🙋🏼‍♂
          • mem aid:
            • sare pare vanataragā ca mayadā ca āgamā, chamhā ḷāgamo, manādīhi sāgamo, bahulaṁ hāgamo
              • ajjayasmātasmāyaṁ tāgamo
              • ni-du-dhī-pātu-pāta-puna-catūsu ca, gāthāyaṁ evivesu ca rāgamo
              • gāthāyaṁ ca vacanasukhesu ca māgamo
              • u-sakiṁ-sammā-koci-kiñci-kenaci-kismiñci-yāva-tāva-punesu ca samāsesu yatetattasesu dāgamo
        • niggahītāgama (always after a short vowel) 52.niggahītaṃ
          • cakkhuṃ udapādi↔cakkhu udapādi (the eye (which is wisdom) appeared)
          • taṁsampayuttakānaṃ↔ta + sampayuttakānaṃ (to the realities associated with it)
          • avaṃsiro↔avasiro (head down)
            • kāmaṃ patāmi nirayaṃ, uddhapādo avaṃsiro; nānariyaṃ karissāmi, handa piṇḍaṃ paṭiggaha! (khadiraṅgārajātaka, jātaka 1, 10)
          • upavassaṃ kho pana↔upavassa kho pana (having approached vassa) upavassa (gerund) upa + vas + tvā (tvā ⇒ ya) ⇒ upavasya (y⇒s)
          • aṇuṃthūlāni↔aṇuthūlāni (small and big)
          • kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahuṃ↔kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahu
        • padāgama padānaṁ ante gata (sahagata) jāta anta (āyatana) saddā āgamā honti (at the end of words, the sounds gata (and sahagata), jāta, and anta (and āyatana) are inserted [and have no meaning]) mahāsutta
          • diṭṭhigataṃ↔diṭṭhi (wrong view)
          • atthajātaṃ↔attho (meaning) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • suttantaṃ↔suttaṃ (discourse)
          • rūpagataṃ↔rūpaṃ (form)
          • vedanāgataṃ↔vedanā (feeling)
          • dhammajātaṃ↔dhamma
          • vananto↔vanaṃ (forest) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • sammākammanto↔sammākammaṃ (right action)
          • extra notes:
            • sippāyatana↔sippa āyatana (padāgama)
            • aṇusahagata↔aṇu sahagata (padāgama)
          • mem aid: padānaṁ ante gata-sahagata-jāt-ant-āyatana-saddā āgamā
    • 3 dvebhāvasandhi
      • what it is
        • the euphonic combination that involves the reduplication of a consonant, a word, or a root
      • dvebhāva / dvibhāva / dvitta / dve rūpa (definition)
        • reduplication‒dvinnaṃ bhāvo dvibhāvo; dvibhāvo eva dvebhāvo (dvebhāva refers to the state of two‒it is an insertion of a second letter; a type of āgama [rūpasiddhibhāsāṭīkā])
        • moggallāna: dvibhāva, dvitta and dve rūpa
        • kaccāyana and saddanīti: dvebhāva
      • 3 types
        • byañjanadvebhāva 53.saramhā dve 2 types
          • sadisadvebhāva (reduplication for a similar consonant): a sithilabyañjana is reduplicated‒eg: appamādo
            • st: s + sithila ⇒ s + sithila sithila sometimes, a sithila byañjana, after a vowel, is reduplicated‒10 occasions it happens
              • 1st byañjana of:
                • the prefixes
                  • pa and pati (and paṭi [pati⇒paṭi]) (from pra and prati)
                    • main reason for reduplication
                      • influence from the sanskrit "r" that is not present in the Pāḷi version‒which in turn becomes redoubled to fill that sound
                      • sanskrti: a + pramādo ⇒ apramādo Pāḷi: a + pamādo ⇒ appamādo
                    • a + pamādo↔appamādo
                    • appativattiyaṃ↔a + pativattiyaṃ (that which cannot be rolled back)
                    • vippaṭisāro↔vi + paṭisāro (remorse; regret)
                    • idhappamādo↔idha + pamādo
                    • vippayutto↔vi + payutto
                    • sammappadhānaṁ↔sammā + padhānaṃ
                    • suppatiṭṭhito↔su + patiṭṭhito (well established)
                    • appaṭipuggalo↔a + paṭipuggalo (unrivalled, unequalled)
                    • suppaṭipanno
                      • su + paṭipanno
                      • note: although supaṭipanno, ujupaṭipanno, ñāyapaṭipanno, and sāmīcipaṭipanno are places for dvebhāva according to grammar and appear as so in the chaṭṭhasaṅgīti, they come without dvebhāva in Buddhajayanti (Sri Lankan) tipiṭaka
                    • adhipatippaccayo
                      • adhipati + paccayo (pati ayo)
                      • note:
                        • some say it should be doubled, and it is backened by rūpasiddhi, but in chaṭṭhasaṅgīthi and buddhajayanti, they come without reduplication
                        • this reduplication is anicca (not compulsory) (moggallānapañcikāṭīkā)
                        • dvebhāva happens when pati- is unchanged; when changed into pacc-, it does not always happen, as in apaccakkhaṁ and apaccakkhāya
                  • anu (when middled by prefixes saṃ- and ā-)
                    • samannāgato↔saṃ anu āgato ⇒ samanāgato (endowed with)
                • the suffix / replacement
                  • ya (after a vowel)
                    • suyyati↔su + ya + ti (is heard) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                      • Dissanti ceva suyyanti ca (kuladūsanasikkhāpada)
                    • viceyya↔vi ci ⇒ ce + ya (having investigated)
                      • aṭṭhimāni bhikkhave sappurisadānāni…. viceyya deti… (sappurisadānasutta)
                • the roots
                  • kamu, kī, kudha, kusa, gaha, caja, (jala), juta, ñā, saja, sambhu, sara, sasa, si, su, etc
                    • vikkiṇāti↔kī: vi + kiṇāti (sells)
                    • akkodho↔kudha: a + kodho (non-enmity)
                    • abhikkamati↔kamu: abhi + kamati (goes forward)
                    • akkosati↔kusa: ā + kosati (insults; scolds)
                    • paggaṇhāti↔gaha: pa + gaṇhāti (holds up)
                    • ujjotati↔juta: u + jut ṇa ti (shines) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                    • pajjalati↔pa jal a ti
                    • pajjota↔pa jut ṇa
                    • viññāṇaṃ↔ñā: vi + ñāṇaṃ (consciousness)
                    • nissayo↔si: ni + sayo (dependance)
                    • appassuto↔su: appa + suto (uneducated) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                    • passambhati↔sambhu: pa + sambhati (calms down) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                    • anussarati↔sara: anu + sarati (remembers)
                    • assasati↔sasa: ā + sasati (inhales) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                    • vissajjeti↔saja: vi + sajjeti (j of the root is also reduplicated) (gives away, spends)
                    • pariccajati↔caja: pari + cajati (abandons)
                • the nouns
                  • tika, taya, tiṃsa, vata, pīti, etc (due to the r and ṛ in the Sanskrit words trika, traya, triṃṣa, vṛta and prīti)
                    • kusalattikaṃ↔kusala + tikaṃ (kusala triad)
                    • ratanattayaṃ↔ratana + tayaṃ (triple gem)
                    • tettiṃsaṃ↔te + tiṃsaṃ (thirty-three)
                    • sīlabbataṃ↔sīla + vataṃ ⇒ sīlavvataṃ (precepts and practices)
                    • sappītikā↔sa + pītikā (those which are with joy)
              • last byañjana of: the roots vatu, vaṭu, etc
                • vattati↔vat + a + ti (exists)
                • vaṭṭati↔vaṭ + a + ti (is suitable)
              • the succeeding byañjana of:
                • the prefixes u, du, and ni
                  • uccāreti↔u-: u + cāreti (lifts up, pronounces) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                  • duggati↔du-: du + gati (bad destination; hell)
                  • niddoso↔ni-: ni + doso (faultless) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • the nouns catu, cha, and sa (a replacement for santa [good; virtuous])
                  • catuddisaṃ↔catu + disaṃ (four directions)
                  • channavuti↔cha + navuti (ninety-six)
                  • sappuriso↔sa + puriso (virtuous man)
                • the pronoun ta
                  • takkaro↔ta: ta + karo (one who does that) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                  • tanninno↔ta: ta + ninno (bent towards that) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
              • in gāthā (for metrical purposes)
                • ujjugatesu↔ujugatesu (towards straight ones)
                  • abhivādanā ujjugatesu seyyo (dhammapada)
                • suggati↔su + gati (good destination)
                  • sattā gacchanti suggatiṃ (itivuttaka)
                  • bhiyyo nandati suggatiṃ gato (dhammapada)
              • others
                • pañcannaṃ↔pañca + naṃ (to/of five)
              • mem aid: make a mnemonic for this #editing
          • asadisadvebhāva / visadisadvebhāva (reduplication for a dissimilar consonant): a dhanita is reduplicated into its preceding sithila in the alphabet 54.catutthadutiyesvesaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā note: aspirates after the prefixes u, du, and ni are almost always reduplicated
            • kh, ch, ṭh, th, and ph are reduplicated for k, c, ṭ, t and p, respectively gh, jh, ḍh, dh, and bh are reduplicated for g, j, ḍ, d and b, respectively
            • rūpakkhandho↔rūpa + khandho
            • setacchattaṃ↔seta + chattaṃ (white parasol)
            • patiṭṭhito↔pati + ṭhito (established)
            • sāriputtatthero↔sāriputta + thero
            • nipphalaṃ↔ni + phalaṃ (fruitless)
            • paggharati↔pa + gharati (trickles) #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
            • paṭhamajjhānaṃ↔paṭhama + jhānaṃ
            • uddharati↔u + dharati (pulls up)
            • nibbhayaṃ↔ni + bhayaṃ (fearless)
        • dhātudvebhāva
          • what it is
            • the reduplication that happens to the first syllable of a root, can be found in akhyātas and kittakas, and expresses the indefinite past (parokkhā) or extreme meanings (atisayattha)
            • examples:
              • ākhyāta
                • papaca↔√pac ⇒ papac (it is said that he cooked) (parokkhāvibhatti)
              • kitaka
                • titikkhā↔√tij ⇒ titi (khantī paramaṃ tapo t.)
                • lolupo (√luḷ) and momuho (√muh) (to convey an extreme meaning [atisayattha]
        • padadvebhāva happens in 5 places
          • vicchā 55. vicchābhikkhaññesu dve
            • what vicchā is
              • “byāpituṃ icchā vicchā”‒vicchā is the desire to extend
              • what is extended is dabba (a physical material), guṇa (a quality), or kriyā (an action)
              • how it is extended is through reduplication
              • Bhinnavatthūni dabbena, guṇena vā kriyāya vā Byāpituṃ vattuno icchā, vicchātveva patīyate (Saddatthabhedacintā)
            • what are the 3 categories of what is spread by vicchā (3 types of vicchā)?
              • dabba (physical material) gāme gāme jalaṁ atthi‒there is water in every village
              • guṇa (quality): gāmo gāmo ramaṇīyo‒every village is pleasing
              • kiriyā (action): gāmo gāmo avagamyate‒ every village is known
              • note:
                • gāme gāme jalaṃ gāmo – gāmo rammo’va gamyate; gāmo gāmo kvaci syādi – lopo’kekanti ādisu (saddatthabhedacintā) there is water in every village, every village is pleasing and known, sometimes there is syādilopa as in ekekaṁ, etc
                  • ramma [√ram + ya]↔adj. charming; lovely; wonderful; enjoyable; delightful; lit. to be enjoyed #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
                • syādilopa: sometimes, in vicchā, the vibhatti is elided (ekaṁ ekaṁ ekekaṁ)
                • pade pade āpatti pācittiyassa (pācittiyapāḷi)
                • māse māse kusaggena, bālo bhuñjetha bhojanaṃ (dhammapada)
                • pade pade vikaṅkheyya, vane andhagajo yathā (moggallānapañcikāṭīkā)
                • laddhaṃ laddhaṃ vināseti (parābhavasutta)
            • gāme gāme jalaṃ atthi↔there is water in every village
              • in this example, what is being "extended" and over what?
                • water (jala) is being spread over various villages (gāma) note: it is the word gāma that is reduplicated
            • (extra) vicchā is 3-fold according to elision and insertion
              • where the case is not elided (gāme gāme)
              • where the case is elided but ‘m’ is not inserted (ekekassa)
              • where both occur (ekamekassa)
          • ābhikkhañña / abhikhañña
            • what ābhikkhañña is
              • punappunakriyā ābhikhaññaṁ‒doing an action again and again (repeatedly)‒this is expressed by reduplication
              • examples:
                • sā bhattaṃ pacati pacati↔she cooks rice again and again
                • attānaṃ vadhitvā vadhitvā rodeyya↔if one cries hitting oneself repeatedly
                • so apuññaṃ pasavati pasavati↔he accumulates demerits again and again
                • bhutvā bhutvā nipajjanti↔they lie down after eating again and again
          • vītihāra 56.sabbādīnaṃ vītihāre
            • what it is
              • doing an action mutually by reduplicating pronouns note: syādilopa also happens in the first term e.g.: aññamaññassa upakārakā ⇒ aññassa aññassa upakārakā (helping one another)
              • examples:
                • itarītarassa upakārakā↔itarassa itarassa upakārakā (helping one another)
                • aññamaññassa denti↔aññassa aññassa denti (give something to one another)
                • aññamaññaṃ passanti↔aññaṃ aññaṃ passanti (see one another)
                • nāññamaññassa dukkhamiccheyya↔na aññassa aññassa dukkhaṃ iccheyya (one should not wish the suffering of one another)
          • āmeḍita (sambhama) 57. yāvatā tāvaṃ sambhame
            • what āmeḍita / sambhama is
              • expressing a strong emotion by repeating words or even sentences
            • difference between vicchā and āmeḍita / sambhama
              • what they refer to:
                • vicchā: 2 words refer to many things (gāme gāme ⇒ many villages)
                • āmeḍita: a word / sentence can be repeated multiple times (at least 2), but refer to the same thing (sappo sappo ⇒ snake, snake‒it refers to one snake, not two or more)
              • purpose:
                • vicchā: is used to extend the meaning
                • āmeḍita: is used to express a strong emotion
              • Bhusoritepi (a)nekatthaṃ, vicchāvacanamīritaṃ; Āmeḍitaṃ panekatthaṃ, dvattikkhattumudīritaṃ (bhedacintā) Even though said many times, if many meanings are there, that is called vicchā; but āmedita has a single meaning, that which is uttered two three times.
            • why is it called āmeḍita?
              • bhedacintābhāsāṭīkā
                • āmeda↔insane person
                • āmeḍita↔the words of an āmeda; repeating words, alluding to one who is insane (āmeda)
              • sīlakkhandha abhinavaṭīkā
                • √meḍa + ā (speaking repeatedly)
            • why is it called sambhama?
              • ‘punappunaṃ bhamanaṃ pavattanaṃ sambhamo’ (nirutti)‒repeated occurance of the same word is called sambhama
            • 9 situations in which āmeḍita happens
              • bhaye kodhe pasaṃsāyaṃ, turite kotūhale’cchare; Hāse soke pasāde ca, kare āmeḍitaṃ budho when fear, anger, appreciation, urgency, excitement, wonder, happiness, sorrow, and faith (occur) a wise may utter āmeḍita
              • examples:
                • bhaye
                  • sappo sappo (snake, snake!)
                  • coro coro (thief thief!)
                • kodhe
                  • pahara pahara (hit hit!)
                • pasaṁsāyaṁ
                  • sādhu sādhu, ānanda (Good, good, ānanda)
                  • note: normally the Buddha uses ‘sādhu’ twice, as it is how āmeḍita usually is, but more can be used
                • turite
                  • gaccha gaccha (go go!)
                • kotūhale
                  • āgaccha āgaccha (come come!)
                • acchare
                  • Aho buddhā aho buddhā (how wonderful are the Buddhas! how wonderful are the Buddhas!) note: here, two words are reduplicated
                • hāse
                  • abhikkamatha vāseṭṭhā abhikkamatha vāseṭṭhā (come forward Vāseṭṭhas! come forward!)
                • soke
                  • kahaṃ ekaputtaka kahaṃ ekaputtaka (where are you, my only son? where are you?)
                • pasāde
                  • abhikkantaṃ bho gotama abhikkantaṃ bho gotama (excellent, reverend Gotama! excellent!)
                  • namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa (three times) note: here, a whole sentence is repeated; this is also included in padadvebhāva
          • atisaya dīpana
            • what it is
              • showing (dīpana) extreme or ultimate (atisaya) meanings (attha)
              • it is done by the reduplication of stems, followed by the addition of nominal cases
              • note: they can also be described as samāsas, in which case, they would not be considered reduplications, but 2 different stems e.g.: rūparūpaṁ (18 ultimate [real] rūpas)
              • examples:
                • rūparūpaṃ↔18 real rūpas; conditioned matter
                • dukkhadukkhaṃ↔ultimate dukkha, which is dukkha vedanā
                • bījabījaṃ↔ultimate bīja among many types of bīja, which is seeds
                • mūlamūlaṃ↔roots of trees, which are the ultimate roots among various roots
                • munimuni↔the Buddha, who is the ultimate sage, among many other sages
                • samasamo↔that which is extremely similar
          • in vicchā, what is reduplicated is nouns (confirm) in ābhikkhañña, what is reduplicated is verbs in vīthihāra, what is reduplicated is pronouns in āmeḍita, what is reduplicated is anything in atisayadīpana, what is reduplicated is stems
      • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
        • dabba [√dū + *ya]↔1 adj. competent; able; skilled; lit. to be gone; 2 nt. timber, wealth, substance; 3 nt. matter, material
        • rammo↔is pleasing
        • ekekantiādisu↔in examples such as ekekaṃ
        • avagamyate↔is known
        • turita [√tur + ita]↔adj. quick; speedy; fast-paced
        • kotūhala↔nt. ruckus; commotion; uproar
        • acchara↔nt. wonderful thing, marvel; amazement
    • 3 vipallāsasandhi
      • what it is
        • the euphonic combination that involves the inversion / interchange of nearby letters or words
      • vipallāsa (definition)
        • padakkharānaṃ pubbāparavipariyāyo vipallāso (niruttidīpanī)‒ the inversion / interchange / relocation of nearby letters or words
        • note: according to nrtdpn, this can also happen to niggahīta (ayācisuṃ comes from ayāciṃsu (begged)), but this is not how such words are normally formed, so this is not included here
        • vocab:
          • vipariyāya [vi + pari + √i + *a]↔masc. transformation; change; reversal ~2 masc. contrariness, wrong state
      • 3 types
        • saravipallāsa (relocation of a vowel)
          • anokāsaṃ kārāpetvā↔okāsaṃ akārāpetvā (a's location is changed) (without making space; without asking for permission)
            • asuddho hoti puggaloaññataraṃ pārājikaṃ dhammaṃ ajjhāpanno. Tañce suddhadiṭṭhi samāno anokāsaṃ kārāpetvā cāvanādhippāyo vadeti, āpatti saṃghādisesena dukkaṭassa (duṭṭhadosasikkhāpada, pārājikapāḷi)
          • animittaṃ katvā↔nimittaṃ akatvā (without making a sign)
            • sammatena bhikkhunā animittaṃ katvā pātetabbaṃ (rūpiyasikkhāpada, pārājikāpāḷi)
        • byañjanavipallāsa (interchange of consonants)
          • r_y ⇒ y_r
            • payirupāsati↔pariyupāsati (associates)
            • kayirati↔kariyati (is done)
          • √...h + y ⇒ yh 58. hassa vipallāso
            • when a root ending in h is followed by y (suffix or its replacement), they are interchanged ⇒ yh
            • muyhati↔√muh + ya + ti (is deluded) (ya here is the conjugational sign of divādigaṇa)
            • āruyha↔√āruh + tvā ⇒ √āruh + ya (having climbed) (ya here is a replacement for the gerund suffix -tvā)
          • st: hv ⇒ vh 59. ve vā
            • bavhābādho↔bahu + ābādho (u ⇒ v [sarādesasandhi]) ⇒ bahvābādho (hv ⇒ vh)
          • mem aid: bavhābādho muyhantaṁ payirupāsati
        • padavipallāsa (relocation of a word / anastrophe / inversion)
          • navaṃ pana bhikkhunā cīvaralābhena↔navacīvaralābhena pana bhikkhunā (by the monk who has received a new robe)
    • note:
      • 60. bahulaṃ
        • in most places, there is no one fixed way of forming a sandhi
        • most rules‒not only sandhi rules‒have exceptions, so the rules are made by grammarians to show what is most common in the language
      • mnemonics for each sandhi
        • lopasandhi
          • saralopa
            • saralopo byañjane: ratnāni ca padmāni ca cetyesu honti
            • (add others)
          • byañjanalopa
            • sarena saha byañjanalopo: mukharo vākkaraṇaṁ āvikatā susukho
            • saṁyogādibyañjanalopo: dukkha dukha
          • saṁyogādilopa
          • bindulopa
          • syādilopa: in vicchā and vītihāra
          • padalopo ādimajjhantesu: datto assayuttena rūpaṁ (gacchati)
        • dīghasandhi: dīghasandhimhi tāsāhaṁ buddhānussati sādhūti myāyaṁ svākkhātaṁ pāvacanaṁ arahantāmiva madhuvā
        • rassasandhi: rassasandhimhi yaṁ kiñci yiṭṭhaṁ va hutaṁ va loke va antalikkhe taṇhakkhayo sabbaññubuddhena sabbaññutāya sammadakkhāto
        • vuddhisandhi: vuddhisandhimhi paccorasmiṁ upekkhassa janesabhassa nopeti sotthī
        • ādesasandhi
          • sarādesasandhi:
            • sarādesasandhimhi:
              • yavā sare (iuvaṇṇo)
              • eonaṁ
              • yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅuvaṅ
              • vitisseve vā
              • eonamavaṇṇe
              • gossāvaṅ
              • appavidhānaṁ:
                • mātito puthujjano hemantagimhisu disodisaṁ sotatto; sakadāgāmī manuñño
          • byañjanādesasandhi:
            • byañjanādesasandhimhi:
              • vaggalasehi te
              • tavaggavaraṇānaṁ ye cavaggabayañā
              • tathanarānaṁ ṭaṭhaṇalā
              • appavidhānaṁ
                • paṇṇāsā eḷamūgā cirappavāsino sīhā nerañjaraṁ nittharantā nikkhamanti;
                • kulūpakassa kāyaḍāho pariḷāho saḷāyatane nipphanno;
                • pabbajitassa jinassa vinicchayo‒idāhaṁ āvuso sugato siyo sadattho sāhu
          • missakādesasandhi:
            • missakādesasandhimhi: bhadro sattavo brāhmaṇo ācero uposathe suvakassa sukhudrayaṁ krubbati; byamhitā suvāminī atrajāhi uññāhi acchīhi oloketi
          • bindvādesasandhi:
            • bindvādesasandhimhi:
              • mayadā sare: mo itthipulliṅgesu yatetesu ca itaresu ca, yo satayidaṁ, do napuṁsakesu yatesesu ca samāsesu tiliṅgikesu ca itaresu ca
              • byañjanesu pararūpaṁ gacchati samupasaggapumantassa ḷe lakāro
              • vagge vagganto nicco anicco asanto
              • yevahisu ño: yo vaggalasehi tena saha, evo dvebhāvena saha
        • āgamasandhi
          • sarāgamasandhi
            • sarāgamasandhimhi parosataṁ anavajjaṁ kabalīkārāhāraṁ amāpayiṁ
          • byañjanāgamasandhi
            • byañjanāgamasandhimhi
              • sare pare vanataragā ca mayadā ca āgamā, chamhā ḷāgamo, manādīhi sāgamo, bahulaṁ hāgamo
                • ajjayasmātasmāyaṁ tāgamo
                • ni-du-dhī-pātu-pāta-puna-catūsu ca, gāthāyaṁ evivesu ca rāgamo
                • gāthāyaṁ ca vacanasukhesu ca māgamo
                • u-sakiṁ-sammā-koci-kiñci-kenaci-kismiñci-yāva-tāva-punesu ca samāsesu yatetattasesu dāgamo
          • bindvāgamasandhi
          • padāgamasandhi
            • padāgamasandhimhi: padānaṁ ante gata-sahagata- jāt-ant-āyatana-saddā āgamā honti
        • dvebhāvasandhi
          • sadisadvebhāsasandhi: make mnemonic
            • 1 by
              • pre
                • pa pati paṭi
                • anu
              • suf
                • ya
              • root
                • kamu kī kudha kusa gaha caja jala jatu ñā saja sambhu sara sasa si su
              • noun
                • taya tika tiṁsa vata pīti
            • last by root vaṭ vat
            • suc by
              • pre
                • uduni
              • noun
                • catu cha sa
              • pron
                • ta
            • gathā
            • others
          • asadisadvebhāvasandhi: catutthadutiyesvesaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā (udunīhi)
        • vipallāsa:
          • byañjanavipallāsasandhi
            • byañjanavipallāsasandhimhi bavhābādho muyhantaṁ payirupāsati
      • 8 "parts of speech" and in which sandhi they appear
        • 7 sara: all exc. dvebhāva
        • 5 byañjana: lopa, ādesa, āgama, dvebhāva, vipallāsa
        • 1 missaka: ādesa
        • 1 saṁyoga: lopa
        • 3 bindu: lopa, ādesa, āgama
        • 1 dhātu: dvebhāva
        • 1 siyādi: lopa
        • 4 pada: lopa, āgama, dvebhāva, vipallāsa
  • extra notes:
    • mahāmāluṅkyasutta: anuseti eva - about anusayas
      • daharassa hi, mālukyaputta, kumārassa mandassa uttānaseyyakassa sakkāyotipi na hoti, kuto panassa uppajjissati sakkāyadiṭṭhi? anusetvevassa sakkāyadiṭṭhānusayo.
    • aggappasādasutta: recommended for anumodanā
    • note: in exams, there will only be questions about the examples in the document sent by bhante, not all examples in niruttidīpaṇī
    • actual definition of sandhi
      • ‘sammā dhīyatīti sandhi’‒it is called sandhi because [letters and words] are placed well [for easier pronunciation or recitation]
      • dhīyati [√dhā + īya + ti]↔pr. is placed; is supported #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
• dhammapadaṭṭhakathā II
  • cakkhupālattheravatthu - III
    • part I
      • "kiṃ panetaṃ, āvuso, patirūpaṃ, nanu appamattehi bhavitabbaṃ"? "mayañhi dharamānakassa buddhassa santikā kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā āgatā, buddhā ca nāma na sakkā pamādena ārādhetuṃ, kalyāṇajjhāsayena te (the Buddhas) vo (by you) ārādhetabbā. pamattassa ca nāma cattāro apāyā sakagehasadisā, appamattā hothāvuso"ti. "kiṃ tumhe pana, bhante"ti? "ahaṃ tīhi iriyāpathehi vītināmessāmi, piṭṭhiṃ na pasāressāmi, āvuso"ti. "sādhu, bhante, appamattā hothā"ti. #edited
        • notes:
          • the question is 'etam patirūpaṁ', and 'kiṁ panetaṁ' shows it is a question
          • āvuso is used in the plural here - it is a nipāta
          • nanu shows a negative question
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • nanu appamattehi bhavitabbaṁ↔shouldn't (we) be heedful?
          • dharamānaka↔sth that is living
          • ārādhetuṃ [ā + √rādh + *e + tuṃ]↔inf. (+instr) to win favour (with); to please; to impress (with)
        • “But, friends, is this proper? It should be done with heedfulness, shouldn't it? We came after having taken the meditation subject from the living Buddha, and those called Buddhas cannot be pleased by heedlessness, you should please them by means of virtuous determination. The four woeful states are like the home of the those called heedless. May you be heedful, friends!", "But what about you, venerable sir?", "I will spend my time with three postures. I shall not stretch out (lay down) the back, friends.", "Well done, venerable sir! May you be heedful!".
      • Atha therassa niddaṃ anokkamantassa paṭhamamāse atikkante majjhimamāse sampatte akkhirogo uppajji. Chiddaghaṭato udakadhārā viya akkhīhi assudhārā paggharanti. So sabbarattiṃ samaṇadhammaṃ katvā aruṇuggamane gabbhaṃ pavisitvā nisīdi. Bhikkhū bhikkhācāravelāya therassa santikaṃ gantvā, “Bhikkhācāravelā, bhante”ti āhaṃsu. “Tena hi, āvuso, gaṇhatha pattacīvara”nti. Attano pattacīvaraṃ gāhāpetvā nikkhami. Bhikkhū tassa akkhīhi assūni paggharante disvā, “Kimetaṃ, bhante”ti pucchiṃsu. #edited
        • Then, when the first month was over and the middle month was reached, an eye-ailment arose to the thera who was not lying down to sleep. Like streams of water from a cracked water-pot, streams of tears ozzed out from (his) eyes. Having done the contemplative's practice every night, when dawn broke, he entered his cell and sat. At the time of going for alms, the monks approached the thera and said, "Bhante, it is time for going for alms". "If it is so, friends, take the bowl and robe". Having caused them to take his bowl and robe, he departed. Seeing the tears ozzing out from his eyes the monks asked: "What is this, bhante?"
        • when using iva/viya, the verb in that clause should be -anta/-māna
        • tena hi: uyyojanatthanipāta
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • niddā [ni + √dā + ā]↔fem. sleep; (comm) sleeping too much
          • anokkamanta [na + ava + √kam + a + nta]↔prp. (+acc) not entering (into); not stepping down (onto); lit. not going down
          • dhārā [√dhar + *ā] fem.↔stream of water; rain-shower; lit. carrying
          • paggharati [pa + √ghar + a + ti]↔pr. drips; trickles; oozes
          • √ghar↔root. √ghar･1 a (drip) 2 (burn, be hot)
      • "akkhīni me, āvuso, vātā (hetvatthapañcamī?) vijjhantī"ti. "nanu, bhante, vejjena pavāritamhā, tassa kathemā"ti. "sādhāvuso"ti te vejjassa kathayiṃsu. so telaṃ pacitvā pesesi. thero nāsāya telaṃ āsiñcanto nisinnakova āsiñcitvā antogāmaṃ pāvisi. vejjo taṃ disvā āha – "bhante, ayyassa kira akkhīni vāto vijjhatī"ti? "āma, upāsakā"ti. "bhante, mayā telaṃ pacitvā pesitaṃ, nāsāya vo telaṃ āsitta"nti? "āma, upāsakā"ti. #edited
        • "Friends, the wind(s) pierces my eyes". "Bhante, we have been invited by the doctor, haven't we? Let us talk to him". "It is good, friends". They talked to the doctor. He cooked and sent a (medicinal) oil. The elder, while remaining seated, poured the oil through the nostril(s) and having done that, entered the village. The doctor, upon seeing him, asked "Bhante, is it said that the wind pierces the venerable's eyes?". "Yes, devotee". "Bhante, an oil was cooked and sent by me. Has the oil been poured through the nostrils by you?". "Yes, devotee".
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • āsiñcanta↔prp. sprinkling, pouring
          • āsitta [ā + √sic + ta]↔pp. sprinkled; poured over; drenched
      • "idāni kīdisa"nti? "rujjateva upāsakā"ti. vejjo "mayā ekavāreneva vūpasamanasamatthaṃ telaṃ pahitaṃ, kiṃ nu kho rogo na vūpasanto"ti cintetvā, "bhante, nisīditvā vo telaṃ āsittaṃ, nipajjitvā"ti pucchi. thero tuṇhī ahosi, punappunaṃ pucchiyamānopi na kathesi. so "vihāraṃ gantvā therassa vasanaṭṭhānaṃ olokessāmī"ti cintetvā – "tena hi, bhante, gacchathā"ti theraṃ vissajjetvā vihāraṃ gantvā therassa vasanaṭṭhānaṃ olokento caṅkamananisīdanaṭṭhānameva disvā sayanaṭṭhānaṃ adisvā, "bhante, nisinnehi vo āsittaṃ, nipannehī"ti pucchi. thero tuṇhī ahosi. #edited
        • "How is it now?", "It really hurts, devotee". The doctor, after considering: "The oil which is able to cure with just one single application was sent by me. Why was the ailment not cured?", asked: "Bhante, was the oil spinkled by you while sitting or while lying?". The elder remained silent and even after being asked repeatedly did not speak. He (the doctor) then thought, "I will go to the monastery and take a look at the dwelling place of the elder" - "If that is so, bhante, you may go", he answerd the elder. He (the doctor) went to the monastery and while taking a look at the elder's dwelling place he saw only the walking-meditation place and sitting places, but not seeing the lying place, he asked: "Bhante, was it applied by you while sitting or while lying down?". The elder remained silent.
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • kīdisa [ka + ādisa]↔adj. of what kind?; how is it?; what is it like?
          • rujjati [√ruj + ya + ti]↔pr. is hurt; is injured
          • vūpasamana nt.↔relief, calmness, cessation
          • samattha [saṃ + √ar + tha]↔adj. skilled; trained; professional; 2 adj. (+inf) able (to); capable (to)
          • pahita [pa + √dhā + ita]↔adj. making effort; striving; applying oneself; lit. placed forward ;2 pp. sent [pa + √hi + ta]; 3 pp. sent for [pa + √hi + ta]; 4 pp. abandoned; given up [pa + √hā + ita] ~
      • "mā, bhante, evaṃ karittha, samaṇadhammo nāma sarīraṃ yāpentena sakkā kātuṃ, nipajjitvā āsiñcathā"ti punappunaṃ yāci. "gaccha tvaṃ tāvāvuso (first), mantetvā jānissāmī"ti vejjaṃ uyyojesi. therassa ca tattha neva ñātī, na sālohitā atthi (nipāta, plural meaning), tena saddhiṃ manteyya? #edited
        • "Bhante, do not do like this. The so called contemplative practice can only be done by continuing to live. Apply it while lying down!" the doctor begged repeatedly. "You go first, friend. After taking council I'll know what to do" he dismissed the doctor. But the elder had neither relatives, nor blood relations there. With whom could he take council?
        • sakkā goes with tumanta
        • atthi here (na sālohitā atthi) is a nipāta which can be used with singular or plural
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • uyyojesi - "gaccha tvaṃ tāvāvuso, mantetvā jānissāmī"ti vejjaṃ uyyojesi.↔pr. (+acc) dismisses; sends away; sends off; lit. up yokes [ud + √yuj + *e + ti]pr. (+acc) makes (someone) do something; persuades; incites into action; lit. up yokes [ud + √yuj + *e + ti]aor. (+acc) dismissed; released; sent away; sent off; lit. up yoked [ud + √yuj + *e + si]
          • yāpentena - "mā, bhante, evaṃ karittha, samaṇadhammo nāma sarīraṃ yāpentena sakkā kātuṃ, nipajjitvā āsiñcathā"ti punappunaṃ yāci.↔prp. (+acc) continuing to live [√yā + *āpe + nta]
      • karajakāyena pana saddhiṃ mantento "vadehi tāva, āvuso pālita, tvaṃ kiṃ akkhīni olokessasi, udāhu buddhasāsanaṃ? anamataggasmiñhi saṃsāravaṭṭe tava akkhikāṇassa gaṇanā nāma natthi, anekāni pana buddhasatāni buddhasahassāni atītāni. tesu te ekabuddhopi na pariciṇṇo, idāni imaṃ antovassaṃ tayo māse na nipajjissāmīti temāsaṃ nibaddhavīriyaṃ karissāmi. tasmā te cakkhūni nassantu vā bhijjantu vā, buddhasāsanameva dhārehi, mā cakkhūnī"ti bhūtakāyaṃ ovadanto imā gāthāyo abhāsi – #edited
        • Therefore, deliberating with his own person, "Firstly, friend Pālita, say this - will you focus on your eyes or the dispensation of the Awakened One? In the round of rebirths that has indeed no conceivable beginning there is no calculating the number of times you were blind of one eye / your eyes were blind, but many hundreds of Buddhas, many thousands of Buddhas have passed. Not even one among them was attended by you. Now, in these three months of the rainy season I will not lie down. I will exert continuous effort for three months. Therefore, let your eyes be squandered or come apart, uphold the dispensation of the Awakened One only, not your eyes!". He uttered these verses admonishing the conglomeration of elements:
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • bhūtakāyaṃ - "tasmā te cakkhūni nassantu vā bhijjantu vā, buddhasāsanameva dhārehi, mā cakkhūnī"ti bhūtakāyaṃ ovadanto imā gāthāyo abhāsi –"↔masc. body, which is produced by elements
          • nassantu - "tasmā te cakkhūni nassantu vā bhijjantu vā, buddhasāsanameva dhārehi, mā cakkhūnī"ti bhūtakāyaṃ ovadanto imā gāthāyo abhāsi –" - nassati [√nas + ya + ti]↔pr. perishes; ends; is destroyed; lit. disappears
          • nibaddha - nibaddha [ni + √badh + ta]↔pp. fixed; stable; constant; continuous; lit. tied down
          • antovassaṃ - "tesu te ekabuddhopi na pariciṇṇo, idāni imaṃ antovassaṃ tayo māse na nipajjissāmīti temāsaṃ nibaddhavīriyaṃ karissāmi." - antovassaṃ↔ind. in the rainy season masc. rainy season
          • pariciṇṇo - "tesu te ekabuddhopi na pariciṇṇo, idāni imaṃ antovassaṃ tayo māse na nipajjissāmīti temāsaṃ nibaddhavīriyaṃ karissāmi." - pariciṇṇa [pari + √car + na]↔pp. served; attended; waited on
          • kāṇassa - kāṇa↔adj. blind in one eye; one-eyed; half-blind
          • tava - "anamataggasmiñhi saṃsāravaṭṭe tava akkhikāṇassa gaṇanā nāma natthi, anekāni pana buddhasatāni buddhasahassāni atītāni." - tava↔pron. to you; for you
          • anamataggasmiṃ [anu + na + mata + agga] - anamatagga↔adj. with inconceivable beginning; lit. without measuring point
          • olokessasi - "karajakāyena pana saddhiṃ mantento 'vadehi tāva, āvuso pālita, tvaṃ kiṃ akkhīni olokessasi, ud… - oloketi [ava + √lok + *e + ti]↔pr. (+acc) looks (at); looks down (at); examines; checks
          • tāva - "karajakāyena pana saddhiṃ mantento 'vadehi tāva, āvuso pālita, tvaṃ kiṃ akkhīni olokessasi, ud… - tāva↔ind. that much; that far; as long as; to that extent; until; at least; first
          • nibaddha [ni + √badh + ta]↔adj. fixed; stable; constant; continuous; lit. tied down 2 pp. bound, urged, importuned ✗
          • kara masc. [√kar + a]↔semen; sperm; lit. making
      • "cakkhūni hāyantu mamāyitāni, sotāni hāyantu tatheva kāyo, sabbampidaṃ hāyatu dehanissitaṃ, kiṃ kāraṇā pālita tvaṃ pamajjasi. "cakkhūni jīrantu mamāyitāni, sotāni jīrantu tatheva kāyo, sabbampidaṃ jīratu dehanissitaṃ, kiṃ kāraṇā pālita tvaṃ pamajjasi. "cakkhūni bhijjantu mamāyitāni, sotāni bhijjantu tatheva kāyo, sabbampidaṃ bhijjatu dehanissitaṃ, kiṃ kāraṇā pālita tvaṃ pamajjasī"ti. #edited
        • Let the eyes, regarded as mine, dwindle, let the ears dwindle, likewise the body, let all of this connected with the body dwindle, Due to what cause, Pālita, are you heedless?" Let the eyes, regarded as mine, decay, let the ears decay, likewise the body, let all of this connected with the body decay, Due to what cause, Pālita, are you heedless?" Let the eyes, regarded as mine, come apart, let the ears come apart, likewise the body, let all of this connected with the body come apart, Due to what cause, Pālita, are you heedless?"
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • hāyati [√hā + ya + ti]↔pr. dwindles; diminishes; declines
          • mamāyita [mama + āya + ita]↔nt. (something) treasured; cherished; taken as mine; made mine; possession; lit. took as mine
          • dehanissita "cakkhūni bhijjantu mamāyitāni, sotāni bhijjantu tatheva kāyo, sabbampidaṃ bhijjatu dehanissitaṃ, kiṃ kāraṇā pālita tvaṃ pamajjasī"ti.↔adj. connected with or belonging to the body
          • tatheva↔sandhi. likewise; in the same way; as it is; as they are; similarly; lit. just like this [tathā + eva] ✓2 sandhi. really; truly; still [tatha + eva] ✓
      • evaṃ tīhi gāthāhi attano ovādaṃ datvā nisinnakova natthukammaṃ katvā gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pāvisi. vejjo taṃ disvā "kiṃ, bhante, natthukammaṃ kata"nti pucchi. "āma, upāsakā"ti. "kīdisaṃ, bhante"ti? "rujjateva upāsakā"ti. "nisīditvā vo, bhante, natthukammaṃ kataṃ, nipajjitvā"ti. thero tuṇhī ahosi, punappunaṃ pucchiyamānopi na kiñci kathesi. atha naṃ vejjo, "bhante, tumhe sappāyaṃ na karotha, ajjato paṭṭhāya ‘asukena me telaṃ pakka’nti mā vadittha, ahampi ‘mayā vo telaṃ pakka’nti na vakkhāmī"ti āha. so vejjena paccakkhāto vihāraṃ gantvā "tvaṃ vejjenāpi paccakkhātosi, iriyāpathaṃ mā vissajji samaṇāti. #edited
        • In this way, having admonished himself with these three verses and done the nasal treatment while sitting, he went for alms (lit. he entered for alms). The doctor, seeing him, inquired: "Bhante, was the nasal treatment done?". "Yes, devotee". "How is it, bhante?", "It hurts, devotee". "Bhante, was the nasal treatment done by you while sitting or while lying down?". The elder remained silent. Even after being asked repeatedly, he did not say anything. Then the doctor told him, "Bhante, you do not do what is beneficial, from today onwards do not say a medicinal oil was prepared for me by so and so, and I too shall not say a medicinal oil was prepared by me for you". Having been given up by the doctor and gone back to the monastery "You have even been given up by the doctor, do not relinquish your postures, contemplative".
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • niyato - "niyato maccurājassa, kiṃ pālita pamajjasī"ti." - niyata↔pp. controlled; restrained [ni + √yam + ta] ; pp. certain; decided; invariable; unavoidable; of fixed destiny; lit. controlled down [ni + √yam + ta]
          • vivajjito - "paṭikkhitto tikicchāya, vejjenāpi vivajjito," - vivajjita↔pp. free from; lit. turned away [vi + √vajj + ita]
          • tikicchāya - "paṭikkhitto tikicchāya, vejjenāpi vivajjito," - tikicchā↔fem. medicine; healing4
          • vissajji - "so vejjena paccakkhāto vihāraṃ gantvā tvaṃ vejjenāpi paccakkhātosi, iriyāpathaṃ mā vissajji samaṇāti." - vissajji↔aor. (+acc) dismounted; disembarked; left behind; lit. discarded
          • paccakkhāto - "so vejjena paccakkhāto vihāraṃ gantvā tvaṃ vejjenāpi paccakkhātosi, iriyāpathaṃ mā vissajji samaṇāti." - paccakkhāta↔pp. given up; disavowed; renounced; rejected; lit. spoke against [pati + ā + √khā + ta]
          • paṭṭhāya - "atha naṃ vejjo, 'bhante, tumhe sappāyaṃ na karotha, ajjato paṭṭhāya ‘asukena me telaṃ pakka’nti mā vadittha, ahampi ‘mayā vo telaṃ pakka’nti na vakkhāmī"ti āha." - paṭṭha [pa + √ṭhā + a] [pa + √ṭhā + ya]
            • masc. setting out; establishing; lit. standing forward;
            • ger. (+abl) starting (from); beginning (with); going forwards (from); from the time (of)
          • ajjato - "atha naṃ vejjo, 'bhante, tumhe sappāyaṃ na karotha, ajjato paṭṭhāya ‘asukena me telaṃ pakka’nti mā vadittha, ahampi ‘mayā vo telaṃ pakka’nti na vakkhāmī"ti āha."↔from today
          • sappāyaṃ - "atha naṃ vejjo, 'bhante, tumhe sappāyaṃ na karotha, ajjato paṭṭhāya ‘asukena me telaṃ pakka’nti mā vadittha, ahampi ‘mayā vo telaṃ pakka’nti na vakkhāmī"ti āha." - sappāya↔adj. (+dat) beneficial (for); wholesome (for); healthy (for); supportive (for) ; masc. something beneficial; wholesome thing; something supportive
          • natthukammaṃ - "evaṃ tīhi gāthāhi attano ovādaṃ datvā nisinnakova natthukammaṃ katvā gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pāvisi." - natthukamma↔nt. nasal treatment; medical snuff; (comm) treatment employing oil
          • pamajjasi - "kiṃ kāraṇā pālita tvaṃ pamajjasi." - pamajjati↔pr. (+loc) is careless (about); is negligent (with); wastes one’s time (in) ; pr. is intoxicated
      • "paṭikkhitto tikicchāya, vejjenāpi vivajjito, niyato maccurājassa, kiṃ pālita pamajjasī"ti. – imāya gāthāya attānaṃ ovaditvā samaṇadhammaṃ akāsi. athassa majjhimayāme atikkante apubbaṃ acarimaṃ akkhīni ceva (ca eva) kilesā ca bhijjiṃsu. so sukkhavipassako arahā hutvā gabbhaṃ pavisitvā nisīdi. #edited
        • Abandoned by the physician, avoided by the doctor too, destined to the king of death, why, Pālita, are you heedless?" After admonishing himself with this verse, he engaged in the contemplative practice. Then, when the middle watch was over, not before, not later, his eyes and the defilements were destroyed. Becoming a bare-insight worthy one he entered the chamber and sat down.
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • niyato - "niyato maccurājassa, kiṃ pālita pamajjasī"ti. [ni + √jan + ya]↔adj. one’s own; his own; her own ; pp. controlled; restrained ; pp. certain; decided; invariable; unavoidable; of fixed destiny; lit. controlled down
          • bhijjiṃsu - "athassa majjhimayāme atikkante apubbaṃ acarimaṃ akkhīni ceva kilesā ca bhijjiṃsu." - bhijji [√bhid + ya + i]↔aor. was broken; was destroyed
          • kilesā - "athassa majjhimayāme atikkante apubbaṃ acarimaṃ akkhīni ceva kilesā ca bhijjiṃsu." - kilesa 1; kilesa 2 [√kilis + *a]↔masc. defilement; impurity; unwholesome mental state; nt. defilement; impurity; unwholesome mental state
          • apubbaṃ - "athassa majjhimayāme atikkante apubbaṃ acarimaṃ akkhīni ceva kilesā ca bhijjiṃsu." - apubbaṃ [na + pubba + aṃ]↔ind. not before
          • acarimaṃ - "athassa majjhimayāme atikkante apubbaṃ acarimaṃ akkhīni ceva kilesā ca bhijjiṃsu." - acarimaṃ [na + √car + a + ima + aṃ]↔ind. not later
      • bhikkhū bhikkhācāravelāya āgantvā "bhikkhācārakālo, bhante"ti āhaṃsu. "kālo, āvuso"ti? "āma, bhante"ti. "tena hi gacchathā"ti. "kiṃ tumhe pana, bhante"ti? "akkhīni me, āvuso, parihīnānī"ti. te tassa akkhīni oloketvā assupuṇṇanettā hutvā, "bhante, mā cintayittha, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāmā"ti theraṃ samassāsetvā kattabbayuttakaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ katvā gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pavisiṃsu. manussā theraṃ adisvā, "bhante, amhākaṃ ayyo kuhi"nti pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā yāguṃ pesetvā sayaṃ piṇḍapātamādāya gantvā theraṃ vanditvā pādamūle parivattamānā roditvā, "bhante, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāma, tumhe mā cintayitthā"ti samassāsetvā pakkamiṃsu. #edited
        • The monks came at the time for alms round and informed, "Bhante, it is the time for the alms round.", "Is it, friends?", "Yes, bhante". "In that case, you may go", "But what about you, bhante?", "Friends, my vision is lost (lit. my eyes are destroyed)". After inspecting his eyes, their eyes became full of tears and they said, "Bhante, do not think thus. We will take care of bhante". They reassured the elder, performed the duties and minor responsibilities that were suitable to be done, and entered the village for alms. The people, not seeing the elder, asked - "Bhante, where is our elder?". Upon hearing the news they sent porridge, took his own alms food, went to the monastery, payed respects to the elder and rolling at his feet lamented - "Bhante, we will look after bhante, may bhante not worry (lit. think)!". After reassuring him, they left.
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • nappasaheyya - "na vijjatī so jagatippadeso, yatthaṭṭhitaṃ nappasaheyya maccu." - nappasahati [na + pa + √sah + a + ti]↔pr. (+acc) does not overcome; does not overpower; does not conquer
          • paṭijaggissāma - "manussā theraṃ adisvā, 'bhante, amhākaṃ ayyo kuhi'nti pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā yāguṃ pesetvā sayaṃ piṇḍapātamādāya gantvā theraṃ vanditvā pādamūle parivattamānā roditvā, 'bhante, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāma, tumhe mā cintayitthā'ti samassāsetvā pakkamiṃsu." - paṭijaggati [pati + √jagg + a + ti]↔pr. (+acc) looks after; takes care (of); watches over
          • parivattamānā - "manussā theraṃ adisvā, 'bhante, amhākaṃ ayyo kuhi'nti pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā yāguṃ pesetvā sayaṃ piṇḍapātamādāya gantvā theraṃ vanditvā pādamūle parivattamānā roditvā, 'bhante, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāma, tumhe mā cintayitthā'ti samassāsetvā pakkamiṃsu." parivattati↔rolls, changes about
          • pavattiṃ - "manussā theraṃ adisvā, 'bhante, amhākaṃ ayyo kuhi'nti pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā yāguṃ pesetvā sayaṃ piṇḍapātamādāya gantvā theraṃ vanditvā pādamūle parivattamānā roditvā, 'bhante, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāma, tumhe mā cintayitthā'ti samassāsetvā pakkamiṃsu." - pavatti↔story, news, incident
          • vattapaṭivattaṃ - "te tassa akkhīni oloketvā assupuṇṇanettā hutvā, 'bhante, mā cintayittha, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāmā'ti thera…" - vattapaṭivatta↔nt. duties and minor responsibilities
          • kattabbayuttakaṃ - "te tassa akkhīni oloketvā assupuṇṇanettā hutvā, 'bhante, mā cintayittha, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāmā'ti thera…" - kattabbayuttaka↔adj. fit to be done
          • samassāsetvā - "te tassa akkhīni oloketvā assupuṇṇanettā hutvā, 'bhante, mā cintayittha, mayaṃ vo paṭijaggissāmā'ti thera samassāsetvā …" [saṃ + ā + √sas + *e + tvā] ✓↔abs. (+acc) having consoled; having comforted; having reassured; lit. having caused to breath together
      • tato paṭṭhāya nibaddhaṃ yāgubhattaṃ vihārameva pesenti. theropi itare saṭṭhi bhikkhū nirantaraṃ ovadati. te tassovāde ṭhatvā upakaṭṭhāya pavāraṇāya sabbeva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. te vuṭṭhavassā ca pana satthāraṃ daṭṭhukāmā hutvā theramāhaṃsu, "bhante, satthāraṃ daṭṭhukāmamhā"ti. thero tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā cintesi #edited
        • From then onwards, they regularly sent rice and porridge directly to his dwelling. And the elder admonished the other sixty bhikkhus uninterruptedly. Having been established in his admonishments, when the Invitation was approaching, all of them together achieved arahatship with discriminating knowledges. And the Rains being finished, they became desirous of seeing the Teacher and told the elder: "bhante, we are desirous of seeing the Teacher". Hearing their announcement, the elder thought:
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • nirantaraṃ [nir + anta + ra + aṃ]↔ind. endlessly; continuously adj. endless; continuous; uninterrupted; non-stop
          • pahiṇissati - "mā vo, āvuso, evaṃ ruccittha, evaṃ sante mayhaṃ aphāsukaṃ bhavissati, mayhaṃ kaniṭṭho pana tumhe disvā pucchissati, athassa mama cakkhūnaṃ parihīnabhāvaṃ āroceyyātha, so mayhaṃ santikaṃ pahiṇissati, tena saddhiṃ āgacchissāmi, tumhe mama vacanena dasabalañca asītimahāthere ca vandathā"ti te uyyojesi. - pahiṇati [pa + √hi + ṇā + ti]↔pr. (+acc) sends; dispatches; sends (someone) as a messenger ↔ pahiṇāti pr. (+acc) conveys; sends; dispatches; sends a message (about)
          • kañcideva - "mā vo, āvuso, evaṃ ruccittha, evaṃ sante mayhaṃ aphāsukaṃ bhavissati, mayhaṃ kaniṭṭho pana tumhe disvā pucchissati, athassa mama cakkhūnaṃ parihīnabhāvaṃ āroceyyātha, so mayhaṃ santikaṃ kañcideva pahiṇissati, tena saddhiṃ āgacchissāmi, tumhe mama vacanena dasabalañca asītimahāthere ca vandathā"ti te uyyojesi. - kañcideva [kaṃ + ci + eva]↔sandhi. something; just some
          • kaniṭṭho - "mā vo, āvuso, evaṃ ruccittha, evaṃ sante mayhaṃ aphāsukaṃ bhavissati, mayhaṃ kaniṭṭho pana tumhe disvā pucchissati, athassa mama cakkhūnaṃ parihīnabhāvaṃ āroceyyātha, so mayhaṃ santikaṃ kañcideva pahiṇissati, tena saddhiṃ āgacchissāmi, tumhe mama vacanena dasabalañca asītimahāthere ca vandathā"ti te uyyojesi. - kaniṭṭha 1 [yuva + iṭṭha]↔adj. youngest; last born; 2 [yuva + iṭṭha] masc. youngest brother; youngest male sibling
          • ruccittha - "mā vo, āvuso, evaṃ ruccittha... - rucci [√ruc + ya + i]↔aor. (+dat) pleased; gave satisfaction (to)
          • puretarameva - thero tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā cintesi – "ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi etehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissanti, bhikkhampi labhituṃ na sakkhissanti, ime puretarameva pesessāmī"ti. ind. - puretaraṁ↔before any one else, most early
          • kilamissanti - thero tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā cintesi – "ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi etehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissanti, bhikkhampi labhituṃ na sakkhissanti, ime puretarameva pesessāmī"ti. - kilamati [√kilam + a + ti]↔pr. grows tired; gets fatigued; pr. (+instr) is difficulty (with); is trouble (with); lit. is tired
          • aṭavī - thero tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā cintesi – "ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi etehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissanti, bhikkhampi labhituṃ na sakkhissanti, ime puretarameva pesessāmī"ti. - aṭavī↔fem. wilderness; forest; countryside
          • upakaṭṭhāya - te tassovāde ṭhatvā upakaṭṭhāya pavāraṇāya sabbeva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. - upakaṭṭha [upa + √kas + ta]↔pp. approaching; near; lit. dragged towards
          • ṭhatvā - te tassovāde ṭhatvā upakaṭṭhāya pavāraṇāya sabbeva sa -↔abs. having stood; having stayed; having remained 2 abs. (+loc) (of an idea) having persisted (in); having continued to think (that); lit. having stood 3 abs. having stopped; having stayed (tbc)
      • "- ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi (loc.) etehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissanti, bhikkhampi labhituṃ na sakkhissanti, ime puretarameva pesessāmī"ti. atha ne āha – "āvuso, tumhe purato gacchathā"ti. "tumhe pana bhante"ti? "ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi tumhehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissatha, tumhe purato gacchathā"ti. #edited
        • "I am weak and there is wilderness owned by non-humans along the road. While I am going with them, everyone will grow tired. They will also not be able to get alms-food. I will surely send them ahead." Then he said - "Friends, may you go ahead". "But what about you, bhante?" I am weak and there is wilderness owned by non-humans along the road. While I am going with you, everyone will grow tired. May you go ahead."
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • puretaraṁ - "thero tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā cintesi – 'ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi etehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissanti, bhikkhampi labhituṃ na sakkhissanti, ime puretarameva pesessāmī' ti" - puretarameva↔ind. before any one else, most early
          • aṭavī - "thero tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā cintesi – 'ahaṃ dubbalo, antarāmagge ca amanussapariggahitā aṭavī atthi, mayi etehi saddhiṃ gacchante sabbe kilamissanti, bhikkhampi labhituṃ na sakkhissanti, ime puretarameva pesessāmī' ti"↔fem. wilderness; forest; countryside
    • part II
      • "mā, bhante, evaṃ karittha, mayaṃ tumhehi saddhiṃyeva gamissāmā"ti. "mā vo, āvuso, evaṃ ruccittha, evaṃ sante mayhaṃ aphāsukaṃ bhavissati, mayhaṃ kaniṭṭho pana tumhe disvā pucchissati, athassa mama cakkhūnaṃ parihīnabhāvaṃ āroceyyātha, so mayhaṃ santikaṃ kañcideva pahiṇissati, tena saddhiṃ āgacchissāmi, tumhe mama vacanena dasabalañca asītimahāthere ca vandathā"ti te uyyojesi. #edited
        • "Bhante, do not say that. We will only go with you". "Friend, do not do so / (don't prefer in this way / You don't want to do thus). If so, it will be uncomfortable for me. But my younger brother, after seeing you, will inquire. Then you may inform him of my vision having been lost (of my eyes' state of being destroyed). He shall send someone to my presence and with such person I shall go. May you pay respect to the One with the Ten Powers and the eighty Great Elders with my word." (Saying that,) he dismissed them.
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • rucci [√ruc + ya + i] aor.↔(+dat) pleased; gave satisfaction (to)
          • kañcideva [kaṃ + ci + eva] - "...so mayhaṃ santikaṃ kañcideva pahiṇissati↔sandhi. something; just some
      • te theraṃ khamāpetvā antogāmaṃ pavisiṃsu. manussā te disvā nisīdāpetvā bhikkhaṃ datvā "kiṃ, bhante, ayyānaṃ gamanākāro paññāyatī"ti? "āma, upāsakā, satthāraṃ daṭṭhukāmamhā"ti. te punappunaṃ yācitvā tesaṃ gamanachandameva ñatvā anugantvā paridevitvā nivattiṃsu. tepi anupubbena jetavanaṃ gantvā satthārañca asītimahāthere ca therassa vacanena vanditvā punadivase yattha therassa kaniṭṭho vasati, taṃ vīthiṃ piṇḍāya pavisiṃsu. kuṭumbiko te sañjānitvā nisīdāpetvā katapaṭisanthāro "bhātikatthero me, bhante, kuhi"nti pucchi. athassa te taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesuṃ. #edited
        • After having the elder forgive them, they entered the village. The people, upon seeing them, had them sit and after having given them alms asked - "Bhante, has the venerables' manner of going appeared?" - "Yes, devotees, we wish to see the Teacher". They begged them repeatedly, but understanding their desire to go regardless, they followed after them and as they cried they turned back. The monks indeed went by stages to Jetavana and worshipped the Teacher and the eighty great elders with the elder's word. The next day, they entered for alms on the road where the elder's younger brother dwelt. The householder, having recognized them, had them sit and after doing the hospitalities asked, "Bhante, where is my elder brother?". They then informed him of the tidings.
        • vocab:
          • pahiṇiṃsu - "atha naṃ pabbājetvā aḍḍhamāsamattaṃ pattacīvaraggahaṇādīni sikkhāpetvā maggaṃ ācikkhitvā pahiṇiṃsu." - pahiṇi 1; pahiṇi 2 [pa + √hi + ṇā + i]↔aor. (+acc) conveyed; sent; dispatched; sent; dispatched; posted
          • mattaṃ - [√mā + ta]↔pp. amount of; as many as; measure of; consisting of; lit. measured; mere; simple; the fact of; by virtue of; lit. measured; so much; some; enough (of); sufficient; lit. measured; intoxicated; drunk; besotted; in musth; in rut; sexually inflamed; experiencing a testosterone surge; lit. intoxicated; delighted; happy; pleased; proud (of); conceited (due to); lit. intoxicated; fem. (+gen) measure (of); measurement; quantity; modicum; degree (of); fem. moderation; correct measure
          • paripantho - "evaṃ pesetuṃ na sakkā, magge paripantho atthi, taṃ pabbājetvā pesetuṃ vaṭṭatī"ti. - paripantha 1; paripantha 2; paripantha 3 [pari + √panth + a]↔masc. (+dat) obstacle (to); obstruction (to); blockage (for); ambush; roadblock; way around; path to
          • bhāgineyyo - "ayaṃ me, bhante, bhāgineyyo pālito nāma, etaṃ pesethā"ti. - bhāgineyya [√bhaj + inī + *eyya]↔masc. nephew; sister’s son
          • paccāsīsati - "thero ito kassaci āgamanaṃ paccāsīsati, tassa gatakāle tena saddhiṃ āgamissatī"ti.↔pr. wishes (for); expects
          • āgamanaṃ - "thero ito kassaci āgamanaṃ paccāsīsati, tassa gatakāle tena saddhiṃ āgamissatī"ti. - āgamana 1; āgamana 2; āgamana 3 [ā + √gam + ana]↔nt. coming; approach; arrival; returning; coming; approach
          • kassaci - "thero ito kassaci āgamanaṃ paccāsīsati, tassa gatakāle tena saddhiṃ āgamissatī"ti. - kaci; kassaci 1; kassaci 2 [ka + ci]; [ka + ssa + ci]↔pron. someone; something; anyone; anything; whoever; to someone; for anyone; to anything; of someone; of anyone; of anything
          • kātabbaṃ - kātabba 1; kātabba 2 [√kar + tabba]↔ptp. should be done; should be made
          • katapaṭisanthāro - kuṭumbiko te sañjānitvā nisīdāpetvā katapaṭisanthāro "bhātikatthero me, bhante, kuhi"nti pucchi.↔adj. having (been) received kindly, one who has done the hospitalities (tbc)
          • sañjānitvā - kuṭumbiko te sañjānitvā nisīdāpetvā katapaṭisanthāro "bhātikatthero me, bhante, kuhi"nti pucchi.↔abs. having recognised, having known ✗
          • kuṭumbiko - kuṭumbiko te sañjānitvā nisīdāpetvā katapaṭisanthāro "bhātikatthero me, bhante, kuhi"nti pucchi. - kuṭumbika [kuṭumba + ika]↔masc. name of a layman; head of a family
          • punadivase - tepi anupubbena jetavanaṃ gantvā satthārañca asītimahāthere ca therassa vacanena vanditvā punadivase yattha therassa kaniṭṭho vasati, taṃ vīthiṃ piṇḍāya pavisiṃsu.↔masc. following day; next day
          • anupubbena - tepi anupubbena jetavanaṃ gantvā satthārañca asītimahāthere ca therassa vacanena vanditvā punadivase yattha therassa kaniṭṭho vasati, taṃ vīthiṃ piṇḍāya pavisiṃsu. - anupubba; anupubbena [anu + pubba]; [anu + pubba + ena]↔adj. gradual; step-by-step; successive
          • nivattiṃsu [ni + √vatt + i] - te punappunaṃ yācitvā tesaṃ gamanachandameva ñatvā anugantvā paridevitvā nivattiṃsu.↔aor. turned back; turned around; returned aor. stayed, remained behind
          • anugantvā - te punappunaṃ yācitvā tesaṃ gamanachandameva ñatvā anugantvā paridevitvā nivattiṃsu.↔having gone after, followed
          • paridevitvā - te punappunaṃ yācitvā tesaṃ gamanachandameva ñatvā anugantvā paridevitvā nivattiṃsu↔abs. having wailed, having lamented
          • paññāyati - pr. is clearly known; is evident; is perceived; there is [pa + √ñā + ya + ti] pr. is allowed; is permitted; is known [pa + √ñā + ya + ti] ✓ pr. (+instr) is well known (by); is recognized (by) [pa + √ñā + ya + ti] ✓ pr. is manifested pr. happens; occurs
          • ākāro [ā + √kar + *a]↔masc. way; manner; method, reason, appearance, form, state, condition
          • gamanākāra↔manner of going, reason for going
          • gamanākāra
      • so taṃ sutvāva tesaṃ pādamūle parivattento roditvā pucchi – "idāni, bhante, kiṃ kātabba"nti? "thero ito kassaci āgamanaṃ paccāsīsati, tassa gatakāle tena saddhiṃ āgamissatī"ti. "ayaṃ me, bhante, bhāgineyyo pālito nāma, etaṃ pesethā"ti. "evaṃ pesetuṃ na sakkā, magge paripantho atthi, taṃ pabbājetvā pesetuṃ vaṭṭatī"ti. "evaṃ katvā pesetha, bhante"ti. atha naṃ pabbājetvā aḍḍhamāsamattaṃ pattacīvaraggahaṇādīni sikkhāpetvā maggaṃ ācikkhitvā pahiṇiṃsu. #edited
        • Just as he heard it, he rolled about their feet crying and asked, "Bhante, what should be done now?". "The elder expects the arrival of someone from here who will accompany him when his time of coming approaches". "Bhante, this is a nephew of mine called Pālita. Do send him". "It is not possible to send him in these circumstances. There is an obstruction on the way. It is suitable to send him after having ordained him". "After doing thus do send him, bhante". Then, having ordained him and trained him in using the bowl, robes, etc for just half a month, they described the way to him and sent him.
      • so anupubbena taṃ gāmaṃ patvā gāmadvāre ekaṃ mahallakaṃ disvā, "imaṃ gāmaṃ nissāya koci āraññako vihāro atthī"ti pucchi. "atthi, bhante"ti. "ko nāma tattha vasatī"ti? "pālitatthero nāma, bhante"ti. "maggaṃ me ācikkhathā"ti. "kosi tvaṃ, bhante"ti? "therassa bhāgineyyomhī"ti. #edited
        • Having reached that village travelling by stages, he saw a certain elderly citizen and asked, "Is there any forest monastery that depends on this village?", "Yes, bhante", "What is the name of the one who dwells there?", "The elder's name is Pālita, bhante", "Please show me the way", "Who are you, bhante?", "I'm the elder's sister's son".
      • atha naṃ gahetvā vihāraṃ nesi. so theraṃ vanditvā aḍḍhamāsamattaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ katvā theraṃ sammā paṭijaggitvā, "bhante, mātulakuṭumbiko me tumhākaṃ āgamanaṃ paccāsīsati, etha, gacchāmā"ti āha. "tena hi imaṃ me yaṭṭhikoṭiṃ gaṇhāhī"ti. #edited
        • Then, the elder citizen took and led him to the monastery. After paying respect to the elder, doing the major and minor duties for as much as half a month, and taking proper care of the elder, the novice said: "Bhante, the uncle householder expects bhante's arrival with me. Come, let us go." "In that case, grab hold of this end of my walking-stick."
        • vocab:
          • samattho - "itthisaddo viya hi añño saddo purisānaṃ sakalasarīraṃ pharitvā ṭhātuṃ samattho nāma natthi." - samattha [saṃ + √ar + tha]↔adj. skilled; trained; professional; adj. (+inf) able (to); capable (to)
          • √ar↔root. ･1 a (move, attain)
          • ṭhātuṃ - "itthisaddo viya hi añño saddo purisānaṃ sakalasarīraṃ pharitvā ṭhātuṃ samattho nāma natthi." - ṭhātuṃ [√ṭhā + tuṃ]↔inf. to stand; to stay; to remain
          • uddharantiyā - "so gāmato nikkhamitvā araññe gītaṃ gāyitvā dārūni uddharantiyā ekissā itthiyā gītasaddaṃ sutvā sare nimittaṃ gaṇhi." - uddharanta [ud + √dhar + a + nta]↔prp. (+acc) lifting up; raising up
          • dārūni - "sāmaṇero theraṃ yaṭṭhikoṭiyā ādāya gacchanto antarāmagge aṭaviyaṃ kaṭṭhanagaraṃ nāma therena upanissāya vuṭṭhapubbaṃ gāmaṃ sampāpuṇi, so gāmato nikkhamitvā araññe gītaṃ gāyitvā dārūni uddharantiyā ekissā itthiyā gītasaddaṃ sutvā sare nimittaṃ gaṇhi." - dāru [√dar + *u]↔nt. wood; plank; timber
          • vuṭṭha - "Dictionary" - vuṭṭha 1.1: pp. rained; showered; sprinkled; vuṭṭha 2.1: pp. lived; stayed; past; spent; completed
          • vuṭṭhapubbaṃ - "sāmaṇero theraṃ yaṭṭhikoṭiyā ādāya gacchanto antarāmagge aṭaviyaṃ kaṭṭhanagara nāma therena upanissaya
    • part III
      • so yaṭṭhikoṭiṃ gahetvā therena saddhiṃ antogāmaṃ pāvisi. #edited
        • Grabbing the end of the walking-stick, the novice entered the village along with the elder.
      • manussā theraṃ nisīdāpetvā "kiṃ, bhante, gamanākāro vo paññāyatī"ti pucchiṃsu. "āma, upāsakā, gantvā satthāraṃ vandissāmī"ti. te nānappakārena yācitvā alabhantā theraṃ uyyojetvā upaḍḍhapathaṃ gantvā roditvā nivattiṃsu. sāmaṇero theraṃ yaṭṭhikoṭiyā ādāya gacchanto antarāmagge aṭaviyaṃ kaṭṭhanagaraṃ nāma therena upanissāya vuṭṭhapubbaṃ gāmaṃ sampāpuṇi, so gāmato nikkhamitvā (refers to the woman) araññe gītaṃ gāyitvā dārūni uddharantiyā ekissā itthiyā gītasaddaṃ sutvā sare nimittaṃ gaṇhi. itthisaddo viya hi añño saddo purisānaṃ sakalasarīraṃ pharitvā ṭhātuṃ samattho nāma natthi. tenāha bhagavā – "nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekasaddampi samanupassāmi, yaṃ evaṃ purisassa cittaṃ pariyādāya tiṭṭhati, yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, itthisaddo"ti (a. ni. 1.2). #edited
        • The people, after having had the elder sit, asked, ""Bhante, has the venerable's manner of going appeared (is bhante leaving)?" "Yes, devotees, after having left, I shall pay respect to the Teacher." They begged him (to stay) in many ways, but without getting it they saw him off, going (with him) half of the way, then, crying, turned back. The novice took (lit. having taken) the end of the walking-stick of the elder, and while he was travelling, he reached a village where the elder had dwelt in dependence on in the past (lit. a village that was dwelt and depended on previously by the elder) called Kaṭṭhanagara. Having heard the sound of a song of a certain woman, who had gone out of the village and was picking up firewood and singing a song in the forest, the novice took the sign of (lit. in) that voice. There is indeed no other such sound that is capable of pervading the entire body of men and remaining as the sound of women. On that account, the Blessed One said: "Monks, I do not see even one other sound which completely preoccupies and fixates the mind of a man in this way, monks, as the form of a woman."
        • the gerunds refer to the following verb
          • nikkhamitvā gāyitvā refer to uddharantiyā
          • sutvā refers to gaṇhi
        • "kiṃ, bhante, gamanākāro vo paññāyatī"ti↔Bhante, has the venerable's manner of going appeared? (Bhante, are you leaving?)
      • sāmaṇero tattha nimittaṃ gahetvā yaṭṭhikoṭiṃ vissajjetvā "tiṭṭhatha tāva, bhante, kiccaṃ me atthī"ti tassā santikaṃ gato. sā taṃ disvā tuṇhī ahosi. so tāya saddhiṃ sīlavipattiṃ pāpuṇi. thero cintesi – "idāneva eko gītasaddo suyyittha. so ca kho itthiyā saddo chijji, sāmaṇeropi cirāyati, so tāya saddhiṃ sīlavipattiṃ patto bhavissatī"ti. sopi attano kiccaṃ niṭṭhāpetvā āgantvā "gacchāma, bhante"ti āha. atha naṃ thero pucchi – "pāpojātosi sāmaṇerā"ti. so tuṇhī hutvā therena punappunaṃ puṭṭhopi na kiñci kathesi. atha naṃ thero āha – "tādisena pāpena mama yaṭṭhikoṭiggahaṇakiccaṃ natthī"ti. so saṃvegappatto kāsāyāni apanetvā gihiniyāmena paridahitvā, "bhante, ahaṃ pubbe sāmaṇero, idāni panamhi gihī jāto, pabbajantopi ca svāhaṃ na saddhāya pabbajito, maggaparipanthabhayena pabbajito, etha gacchāmā"ti āha. #edited
        • After taking the sign there (of that voice), the novice released the end of the walking stick, said, "Bhante, first may bhante stay (here). There is something I must do (lit. there is something to be done by me).", and went to the lady. Upon seeing the novice, she remained silent. The novice (then) reached a failure of virtue with her. The elder thought, "Just now, the sound of a song was heard, but the voice of the woman was interrupted and the novice is tarrying. He must have reached a failure of virtue with her." Even then, the novice, finishing his own business (lit. causing his business to end), came back and said, "Let us go, bhante." Then the elder asked him, "Have you become evil, novice?" The novice fell silent, and even being repeatedly questioned by the elder, did not say anything. Then, the elder told him, "One so evil won't grab the end of my walking stick (lit. There is no duty of holding the end of my waking stick by such an evil one)". Becoming anxious (one with a sense of spiritual urgency), the novice took off the robes, clothed himself in the manner of householders and said, "Bhante, I was a novice before, but now, I have become a layman. And when ordaining, I myself was not ordained out of faith (lit. by faith), but (was ordained) out of fear of the roadblock. Come, let us go."
        • abbhantarakiriya / missakakiriya
        • jāto: he is become
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • kāsāya [kasāya + *a]→adj. brownish; colour of Buddhist monks’ robes; 2 nt. reddy brown colour robes; monks’ robes
      • "āvuso, gihipāpopi samaṇapāpopi pāpoyeva, tvaṃ samaṇabhāve ṭhatvāpi sīlamattaṃ pūretuṃ nāsakkhi, gihī hutvā kiṃ nāma kalyāṇaṃ karissasi, tādisena pāpena mama yaṭṭhikoṭiggahaṇakiccaṃ natthī"ti āha. "bhante, amanussupaddavo maggo, tumhe ca andhā apariṇāyakā, kathaṃ idha vasissathā"ti? atha naṃ thero, "āvuso, tvaṃ mā evaṃ cintayi, idheva me nipajjitvā marantassāpi aparāparaṃ parivattantassāpi tayā saddhiṃ gamanaṃ nāma natthī"ti vatvā imā gāthā abhāsi – #edited
        • "Friend, the layperson as well as the renunciant who are evil are evil indeed (/both the evil layperson and the evil renunciant are evil). You were unable to fulfill even just the mere morality while remaining in monkhood. What good indeed shall you do after becoming a laymen? One so evil won't grab the end of my walking stick (lit. There is no duty of holding the end of my waking stick by such an evil one)" "Bhante, the road is dangerous due to spirits, and bhante is blind and without a guide. Why will you stay here?" Then the elder said, "Friend, do not think in such a way. Even if I die lying down even here or constantly turn around (/roll around), there is no such a thing as going with you." Having said that, he uttered this verse‒
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • nāsakkhi [na + √sak + ṇo + i]↔aor. (+inf) was unable (to); was incapable (of); was not possible (to)
          • pariṇāyaka[pari + √nī + *aka]↔1masc. counsellor; adviser; strategist; lit. who leads around 2 masc. leader; who shows the way; lit. who leads around
      • "handāhaṃ hatacakkhusmi, kantāraddhānamāgato, seyyamāno na gacchāmi, (hi) natthi bāle sahāyatā. "handāhaṃ hatacakkhusmi, kantāraddhānamāgato, marissāmi no gamissāmi, natthi bāle sahāyatā"ti. #edited
        • Come now! I am one whose eyes are destroyed, I have come to a vast wasteland, Even sleeping, I shall not go, (because) there is no friendship with a fool." Come now! I am one whose eyes are destroyed, I have come to a vast wasteland, I shall die. I will not go, (because) there is no friendship with a fool."
        • hi here is in hetvattha: because
      • taṃ sutvā itaro saṃvegajāto "bhāriyaṃ vata me sāhasikaṃ ananucchavikaṃ kammaṃ kata"nti bāhā paggayha kandanto vanasaṇḍaṃ pakkhanditvā tathā pakkantova ahosi. therassāpi sīlatejena saṭṭhiyojanāyāmaṃ paññāsayojanavitthataṃ pannarasayojanabahalaṃ jayasumanapupphavaṇṇaṃ nisīdanuṭṭhahanakālesu onamanunnamanapakatikaṃ sakkassa devarañño paṇḍukambalasilāsanaṃ uṇhākāraṃ dassesi. sakko "ko nu kho maṃ ṭhānā cāvetukāmo"ti olokento dibbena cakkhunā theraṃ addasa. tenāhu porāṇā – "sahassanetto devindo, dibbacakkhuṃ visodhayi, pāpagarahī ayaṃ pālo, ājīvaṃ parisodhayi. "sahassanetto devindo, dibbacakkhuṃ visodhayi, dhammagaruko ayaṃ pālo, nisinno sāsane rato"ti. #edited
        • Having heard that, the other became anxious, and thinking, "Alas! A serious, brutal, unbefitting deed was done by me!", flung up the arms, and sprung forward to the forest ticket crying. In this way, he disappeared. The paṇḍukambala stone-seat of Sakka, the king of devas, that is 60 yojanas long, 50 wide, and 15 thick, of the color of the hibiscus flower, and that has the nature of compressing and decompressing when one sits or gets up manifested signs of heat due to the power of the virtue of the elder. Sakka wondered, "Who is wishing me to fall from my position?", and while observing with the divine eye, saw the elder. On that account, ancient teachers said - The thousand-eyed, lord of devas, purified the celestial sight, (he used it) this Pāla, rebuker of evil-doers, purified his livelihood. The thousand-eyed, lord of devas, purified the celestial sight, this Pāla, respectul of the dhamma, sat delighted with the dispensation."
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • sāhasika [√sah + as + *a + ika]↔adj. brutal; violent; ferocious
          • ananucchavika [na + anu + chavi + ka]↔adj. unfitting; unsuitable; improper; lit. not following the skin; not along the skin
          • bāhā↔arms
          • kandanta [√kand + a + nta]↔prp. crying out; wailing
          • vanasaṇḍa↔masc. forest grove; thicket of trees
          • pakkanta [pa + √kam + ta]↔pp. left; set out; departed; gone away; disappeared
          • bahala [√bah + ala]↔adj. thick; dense
        • api in therassāpi comes from apekkha, expecting, if added after the subject, usually is apekkha meaning,and means "and"- not clear
        • compress decompress, elasticity, adaptability, sink, give in, reshapes, adapts its shape
        • onamana
        • jayasumana: hibiscus flower
      • athassa etadahosi – "sacāhaṃ evarūpassa pāpagarahino dhammagarukassa ayyassa santikaṃ na gamissāmi, muddhā me sattadhā phaleyya, gamissāmi tassa santika"nti. tato – "sahassanetto devindo, devarajjasirindharo, taṅkhaṇena āgantvāna, cakkhupālamupāgami". #edited
        • Then, this occured to him, "if I do not go to the presence of such elder who is respectful of the dhamma and a rebuker of evil-doers, my head shall split into seven pieces. I shall go to his presence." From that (it is said): "The Thousand-eyed, Lord of Devas, Wielder of the Glory of Celestial Kingship, approaching at that very instant, came to Cakkhupāla."
        • siriṁ dharetīti sirindharo: the one who holds the glory
        • avadhāraṇa pubbapada kammadhārayasamāsa:
          • saddhā eva dhanaṁ saddhādhanaṁ: the wealth is saddhā itself
          • avadhāraṇa: limitation
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • sirindhara↔adj. glorious
      • upagantvā ca pana therassa avidūre padasaddamakāsi. atha naṃ thero pucchi – "ko eso"ti? "ahaṃ, bhante, addhiko"ti. "kuhiṃ yāsi upāsakā"ti? "sāvatthiyaṃ, bhante"ti. "yāhi, āvuso"ti. "ayyo pana, bhante, kuhiṃ gamissatī"ti? "ahampi tattheva gamissāmī"ti. "tena hi ekatova gacchāma, bhante"ti. "ahaṃ, āvuso, dubbalo, mayā saddhiṃ gacchantassa tava papañco bhavissatī"ti. "mayhaṃ accāyikaṃ natthi, ahampi ayyena saddhiṃ gacchanto dasasu puññakiriyavatthūsu ekaṃ labhissāmi, ekatova gacchāma, bhante"ti. thero "eso sappuriso bhavissatī"ti cintetvā – "tena hi saddhiṃ gamissāmi, yaṭṭhikoṭiṃ gaṇha upāsakā"ti āha. #edited
        • And, having approached the vicinity of the elder, made the sound of footsteps. Then, the elder asked him - "Who is this?" "It is I, bhante, a wanderer." "Where are you headed to, devotee?" "To Sāvatthi, bhante." "Go ahead, friend." "But, bhante, where is bhante headed to (where will bhante go)?" "I, too, am going to that very place." "If it is so, let us go together, bhante." "I am weak, friend. There will certainly be delay to one that travels together with me." "For me there is no urgency and by travelling together with bhante, I shall acquire one of the 10 bases for meritorious deeds. Lets us travel together, bhante." The elder considered, "This must be a virtuous person", and said, "I shall indeed travel together with you. Take the end of my walking-stick, devotee."
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • mayhaṃ accāyikaṃ natthi (gen + nom / tatiya + atthi→I have no urgency
          • addhika [addha + ika]↔masc. traveller; tramp; homeless wanderer
          • accāyika [ati + √i + *a + *ika]↔adj. urgent; pressing; extraordinary
          • "ahaṃ, āvuso, dubbalo, mayā saddhiṃ gacchantassa tava papañco bhavissatīti→"I am weak, friend. There will certainly be delay to one who is travelling together with me."
      • sakko tathā katvā pathaviṃ saṅkhipanto sāyanhasamaye jetavanaṃ sampāpesi. thero saṅkhapaṇavādisaddaṃ sutvā "kattheso saddo"ti pucchi. "sāvatthiyaṃ, bhante"ti. "pubbe mayaṃ gamanakāle cirena gamimhā"ti. "ahaṃ ujumaggaṃ jānāmi, bhante"ti. tasmiṃ khaṇe thero "nāyaṃ manusso, devatā bhavissatī"ti sallakkhesi. "sahassanetto devindo, devarajjasirindharo, saṅkhipitvāna taṃ maggaṃ, khippaṃ sāvatthimāgamī"ti. #edited
        • So Sakka, having done like that, contracting the earth, reached Jetavana in that late afternoon. After hearing the sound of conch-shells, drums, etc the elder asked, "Where is this noise from?". "It is Sāvatthi, bhante." "Previously, when we went, it took longer. (lit. at the time of our going, we took longer)." "I know a shortcut (lit. straight path), bhante." At that moment, the elder considered, "This is no human being, he must be a celestial being." The thousand-eyed, Lord of devas, The upholder of the glory of celestial kingship, having shortened that road, swiftly came to Sāvatthi"
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • saṅkhipanta↔prp. contracting, shortening
          • saṅkhapaṇavādisaddaṃ↔the sound of conch-shells, drums, etc
          • paṇava↔masc. small drum; cymbal
      • so theraṃ netvā therassevatthāya kaniṭṭhakuṭumbikena kāritaṃ paṇṇasālaṃ netvā phalake nisīdāpetvā piyasahāyakavaṇṇena tassa santikaṃ gantvā, "samma, cūḷapālā"ti pakkosi. "kiṃ, sammā"ti? "therassāgatabhāvaṃ jānāsī"ti? "na jānāmi, kiṃ pana thero āgato"ti? "āma, samma, idāni ahaṃ vihāraṃ gantvā theraṃ tayā kāritapaṇṇasālāya nisinnakaṃ disvā āgatomhī"ti vatvā pakkāmi. #edited
        • Having led the elder (to Sāvatthi), he led him to the leaf-pavillion constructed just for the benefit of the elder by the young brother, the householder. He made the elder sit on a wooden bench, went to the presence of the householder in the appearance of a dear friend of his, and called, "Dear Cūḷapāla.". "What, friend?" "Do you know of the arrival of the elder?" "I don't know, is the elder come?" "Yes, dear, I came to the house after seeing the elder seated in the leaf-pavillion built by you" and turning around, he left.
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • pakkosi↔aor. called, summoned
          • phalaka [√phal + a + ka]↔nt. board; plank; wooden surface 2 nt. strip of wood; bark strip; wood chip 3 nt. shield
      • kuṭumbikopi vihāraṃ gantvā theraṃ disvā pādamūle parivattanto roditvā "idaṃ disvā ahaṃ, bhante, tumhākaṃ pabbajituṃ nādāsin'tiādīni vatvā dve dāsadārake bhujisse katvā therassa santike pabbājetvā "antogāmato yāgubhattādīni āharitvā theraṃ upaṭṭhahathā"ti paṭiyādesi. sāmaṇerā vattapaṭivattaṃ katvā theraṃ upaṭṭhahiṃsu. #edited
        • The householder too, having reached the dwelling and seen the elder, cried while rolling at his feet, and said things like, "Seeing this, bhante, I did not give you (permission) to ordain." Having made two slave boys free, having caused them to ordain under the elder, he arranged (saying), "Attend the elder by bringing porridge, rice, etc from the village." The novices, having performed the major and minor duties, looked after the elder.
        • vikatikamma→the object changes state; normally used with the root √kar or √car - dve dāsadārake bhujisse katvā (having made two slave boys free)
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • bhujissa↔adj. cleansing; freeing; liberating ✓2 masc. freed slave; free man ✓
      • athekadivasaṃ disāvāsino bhikkhū "satthāraṃ passissāmā"ti jetavanaṃ āgantvā tathāgataṃ vanditvā asītimahāthere ca vanditvā vihāracārikaṃ carantā cakkhupālattherassa vasanaṭṭhānaṃ patvā "idampi passissāmā"ti sāyaṃ tadabhimukhā ahesuṃ. tasmiṃ khaṇe mahāmegho uṭṭhahi. te "idāni atisāyanho, megho ca uṭṭhito, pātova gantvā passissāmā"ti nivattiṃsu. #edited
        • Then, one day, the monks living in different countries, thinking "We shall see the Teacher", came to Jetavana, paid respects to the Tathāgata and the eighty great elders. After doing so, while touring the dwellings, they reached the dwelling place of the elder Cakkhupāla and thought, "Let us see this too" and in the evening headed towards it (they were those facing that). At that moment, a great rain cloud emerged. Thinking, "Now it is very late, and a rain cloud has emerged. Let us go and see it in the early morning" they turned back.
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • disāvāsī↔adj. living in another country or in different parts of country
          • sāyaṃ [√sā + ya + aṃ]↔ind. in the evening; at night; late at night
      • devo paṭhamayāmaṃ vassitvā majjhimayāme vigato. thero āraddhavīriyo āciṇṇacaṅkamano tasmā pacchimayāme caṅkamanaṃ otari. tadā ca pana navavuṭṭhāya bhūmiyā bahū indagopakā uṭṭhahiṃsu. te there caṅkamante yebhuyyena vipajjiṃsu. antevāsikā therassa caṅkamanaṭṭhānaṃ kālasseva na sammajjiṃsu. #edited
        • After raining during the whole of the first watch, during the middle watch the rain cloud dispersed. The elder, being energetic and having the habit of doing walking meditation, (therefore) descended to the walking path in the last watch. At that time, many indagopakas (cochineal) arose (or gathered?) from the recently rained ground. Most of them died while the elder walked. The attendants did not sweep the elder's walking place at the right time.
        • accantasaṁyoga: devo paṭhamayāmaṃ vassitvā
        • navavuṭṭhāya bhūmiyā:
      • itare bhikkhū "therassa vasanaṭṭhānaṃ passissāmā"ti āgantvā caṅkamane matapāṇake disvā "ko imasmiṃ caṅkamatī"ti pucchiṃsu. "amhākaṃ upajjhāyo, bhante"ti. te ujjhāyiṃsu "passathāvuso, samaṇassa kammaṃ, sacakkhukakāle nipajjitvā niddāyanto kiñci akatvā idāni cakkhuvikalakāle ‘caṅkamāmī’ti ettake pāṇake māresi ‘atthaṃ karissāmī’ti anatthaṃ karotī"ti. #edited
        • The other bhikkhus, thinking "Let us go see the elder's dwelling place", arrived and, having seen the dead beings in the walking path, asked, "Who walks here / Who has walked here?" "Our preceptor, bhante." They criticized, (saying) "Look, friends, the deed of the contemplative. When he had eyesight, he just lied down, slept and did not do anything (lit. he, after lying down, while sleeping didn't do anything). Now, when his eyesight is gone (lit. at the time when his eyes are impaired), thinking, "I shall practice walking meditation" he killed these many beings. Intending to do what is beneficial, he did what is not beneficial.
      • atha kho te gantvā tathāgatassa ārocesuṃ, "bhante, cakkhupālatthero ‘caṅkamāmī’ti bahū pāṇake māresī"ti. "kiṃ pana so tumhehi mārento diṭṭho"ti? "na diṭṭho, bhante"ti. "yatheva tumhe taṃ na passatha, tatheva sopi te pāṇe na passati. khīṇāsavānaṃ (gen.) maraṇacetanā nāma natthi, bhikkhave"ti. #edited
        • Then they left and informed the Tathāgata, "Bhante, the elder Cakkhupāla, intending to walk, killed many living beings." "But did you see him killing? (lit. But was he seen killing by you?)" "He was not seen, bhante." "Just like you did not see him, he too did not see those living beings. Monks, there is no intention to kill for those without cankers / Those without cankers do not have the intention of killing."
        • yathā...tathā / evaṁ: structure to give a simile
        • gen + nom + atthi / natthi: structure to say something like "I have a book" (if plural, it can be santi, or the nipāta atthi)
          • I have a book: amhākaṁ (tbc) gantho / poṭṭhako atthi
      • "bhante, arahattassa upanissaye sati (loc.) kasmā andho jāto"ti? "attano (gen.) katakammavasena (passive), bhikkhave"ti. "kiṃ pana, bhante, tena kata"nti? tena hi, bhikkhave, suṇātha – #edited
        • "Bhante, why did he go blind having a decisive support for arahantship (lit. when there is a decisive support for arahantship...)?" "Because of the deed that was done by him, monks." "Bhante, what was done by him?" "If it is so, monks, listen‒
        • attano could also be ins.
        • in the passive, the subject could be ins. or gen.
        • passive structure:
          • Sunakho purisena / purisassa (less common) mato.
      • atīte bārāṇasiyaṃ kāsiraññe rajjaṃ kārente eko vejjo gāmanigamesu caritvā vejjakammaṃ karonto ekaṃ cakkhudubbalaṃ itthiṃ disvā pucchi – "kiṃ te aphāsuka"nti? "akkhīhi na passāmī"ti. "bhesajjaṃ te karissāmī"ti? "karohi, sāmī"ti. "kiṃ me dassasī"ti?
        • In the past, when the King Kāsira was reigning in Bārāṇasi, a certain healer, wandering through villages and towns working as a doctor, saw a woman with weak sight and asked her, "What is your discomfort?" "I cannot see with my eyes." "Shall I prepare you some medicine?" "Please, do so, master." "What shall you give me?"
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • dassati [√dā + a + ssa + ti]→fut. (+acc & +dat) will give (to)
      • "sace me akkhīni pākatikāni kātuṃ sakkhissasi, ahaṃ te saddhiṃ puttadhītāhi dāsī bhavissāmī"ti. so "sādhū"ti bhesajjaṃ saṃvidahi, ekabhesajjeneva akkhīni pākatikāni ahesuṃ. sā cintesi – "ahametassa saputtadhītā dāsī bhavissāmī"ti paṭijāniṃ, "na kho pana maṃ saṇhena sammācārena samudācarissati, vañcessāmi na"nti. sā vejjenāgantvā "kīdisaṃ, bhadde"ti puṭṭhā "pubbe me akkhīni thokaṃ rujjiṃsu, idāni pana atirekataraṃ rujjantī"ti āha. #edited
        • if you are able to make my eyes normal, I and my son and daughter shall become your slaves. He said sādhu, arranged the medicine, and with just one application her eyes became normal. She thought, "I have promised that I with my son and daughter should become his slaves. He will not treat us properly and gently, I will cheat him." She, being asked by the doctor who had come, "How is it, ma'am?" said, "Previously, my eyes just hurt a little, but now they hurt much more."
        • pakatikamma: akkhīni
        • vikatikamma: pākatikāni (usually with kar)
        • pakatikattā: ahaṁ
        • vikatikattā: dāsī (usually with bhū or as)
        • sā āgacchīyati puṭṭhā
        • sā vejjenāgantvā: āgantvā is done by the vejja
      • vejjo "ayaṃ maṃ vañcetvā kiñci adātukāmā, na me etāya dinnāya bhatiyā attho, idāneva naṃ andhaṃ karissāmī"ti cintetvā gehaṃ gantvā bhariyāya etamatthaṃ ācikkhi. sā tuṇhī ahosi. so ekaṃ bhesajjaṃ yojetvā tassā santikaṃ gantvā "bhadde, imaṃ bhesajjaṃ añjehī"ti añjāpesi. athassā dve akkhīni dīpasikhā viya vijjhāyiṃsu. so vejjo cakkhupālo ahosi. #edited
        • The doctor thought, "After having deceived me, this one is not willing to give me anything at all. I am not in need of her payment. I will now make her blind." He went home and informed his wife of the matter. She remained silent. He then mixed some medicine and coming to her had her apply it saying, "Ma'am, apply this medicine", and she did so. Then her both eyes, like the flame of a candle, got extinguished. That doctor was Cakkhupāla.
        • subj (gen) + object (ins) + attho structure of "need sth" na me etāya dinnāya bhatiyā attho I don't need the fee given by her attho me āvuso cīvarena I need a robe, friend
        • attho is a nipāta
        • bhadde [√bhad + rā + e] ✓↔fem. (used to address an esteemed woman) madam; ma’am; good lady
      • bhikkhave, tadā mama puttena katakammaṃ pacchato pacchato anubandhi. pāpakammañhi nāmetaṃ dhuraṃ vahato balibaddassa padaṃ cakkaṃ viya anugacchatīti idaṃ vatthuṃ kathetvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā patiṭṭhāpitamattikaṃ sāsanaṃ rājamuddāya lañchanto viya dhammarājā imaṃ gāthamāha– #edited
        • "Monks, the action done by my son at that time followed after him everywhere (/in every future life). Evil deeds indeed follow (the doer), like the wheel follows the hoof of the load-carrying ox." Having told this story and made the connection, like stamping with a royal seal a clay-affixed message, the Dhamma king uttered this verse‒
        • vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]
          • ghaṭetvā 1.1↔abs. having strived 2.1 abs. having connected, having united
          • sāsana [√sās + ana] 1↔nt. message; letter; lit. teaching
          • rājamuddā↔fem. royal seal
          • lañchati↔pr. marks, stamps, seals ✗
      • 1."manopubbaṅgamā dhammā, manoseṭṭhā manomayā, manasā ce paduṭṭhena, bhāsati vā karoti vā, tato naṃ dukkhamanveti, cakkaṃva vahato pada"nti. #edited
        • "Mental states have the mind as forerunner, the mind as foremost, are mind made; if with corrupted mind, one speaks or acts, from that moment onwards, suffering follows one, like the wheel follows the hoof of the load-carrying ox."