Pāḷi Pāṭha Sikkhā — Chapter 3, Part 2

Lesson 6 - declension of ‘eta’, causative, niggahītasandhi

6.1. Reading: see the dedicated reading & translation page.

Declension of the pronoun “eta” (sabbanāmagaṇa)

Masculine declension

case	singular	plural
Nom.	eso	ete
Acc	etaṃ, enaṁ	ete
Ins.	etena	etehi, etebhi
Dat/gen.	etassa	etesaṃ, etesānaṃ
Abl.	etasmā, etamhā	etehi, etebhi
Loc.	etasmiṃ, etamhi	etesu

note: only one ‘n’ version - enaṁ (not in neuter)

Neuter declension

case	singular	plural
Nom.	etaṃ	ete, etāni
Acc	etaṃ	ete, etāni

(the rest as masculine)
note: no ‘enaṁ’ as masculine

Feminine declension

case	singular	plural
Nom.	esā	etā, etāyo
Acc.	etaṃ	etā, etāyo
Ins./Abl.	etāya	etāhi, etābhi
Dat/Gen.	etāya, etissā, etissāya	etāsaṃ, etāsānaṃ
Loc.	etāyaṃ, etissaṃ	etāsu

note:
- neither ‘na’ nor ‘a’ versions as with ‘ta’
- no ‘enaṁ’ as with masculine ‘eta’
- ‘i’ versions as with ‘ta’
- dat./gen. like ‘ta’ but only the tā- and ti- versions

Causative actions and verbs (kārita kiriyā / payojja kiriyā / hetu kiriyā)

An action made to be done by someone else is called kārita kiriyā / payojja kiriyā / hetu kiriyā (causative actions); verbs used to indicate such actions are called kārita kiriyā pada (causative verbs)
- payojja = “combine”
4 causative suffixes used to construct kārita kiriyā pada (causative verbs):
- (ṇ)e
- (ṇ)aya
- (ṇ)āpe
- (ṇ)āpaya
- note: (ṇ) is just the anubandha and acts as a sign that the radical vowel should be strengthened only āpe and āpaya are added to the roots belonging to the curādigaṇa (because e and aya are already vikaraṇa paccaya (conjugational signs) of this group)
√dhar + (r)amma = dhamma (r) is a sign that the final consonant of the root should be elided
Vuddhi is traditionally explained as being the vowels ā, e and o and modern teachers teach it as the act of strengthening a vowel: a ⇒ ā i, ī ⇒ e u, ū ⇒ o note: if followed by a double consonant, vuddhi does not occur
“Gahapati dāsaṃ bhattaṃ pāceti”: bhattaṃ is the object of the √pac, whereas dāsaṃ is the kārita kamma (causative object) of the causative suffix ‘e’. It is mostly written in accusative case but it could also be instrumental or genitive cases
√kar – kāreti, kārayati, kārāpeti, kārāpayati
√gam – gameti, gamayati, gamāpeti, gamāpayati

Niggahīta Sandhi

2 types of niggahīta sandhi according to the letter that substitutes ṁ when followed by a vowel (ṁ + vowel)
- makāra ādesa sandhi (substitution of ṁ for m): gantabbamaggaṃ + eva = gantabbamaggameva
- dakāra ādesa sandhi (substitution of ṁ for d): this happens only with the pronouns:
  - ya (yaṁ + idaṁ = yadidaṁ)
  - ta (taṁ + eva = tadeva)
  - eta (etaṁ + ahosi = etadahosi)
  - note: philologically, this is the recurrence of the ending consonant d of those pronouns found in Sanskrit (yad, tad, etad)
Ādeso (m.) √dis: (gram) substitution; replacement; change

Lesson 7 - saṅkhyānāma, tulyatthaliṅgatthavākya, yākārādi āgamasandhi, dvebhāvasandhi

7.1. Reading: see the dedicated reading & translation page.

Cardinal numbers (saṅkhyā nāma) 1-1

Eka (sabbanāmagaṇa)
Dvi (sabbanāmagaṇa)
Ti (sabbanāmagaṇa)
Catu (sabbanāmagaṇa)
Pañca
Cha
Satta
Aṭṭha
Nava
Dasa

Declension of the noun dvi (two) in all three genders

case	singular
Nom.	dve
Acc.	dve
Ins./Abl.	dvīhi, dvībhi, dvihi, dvibhi
Dat./gen.	dvinnaṃ, duvinnaṃ
Loc.	dvīsu, dvisu

Apart from the apādāna, pañcamī vibhatti also expresses a reason, a cause (avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā (sambhavanti))
Sentences which have nouns in the place of verbs are called tulyattha liṅgattha vākya (“same meaning stem meaning sentences”) It is also fine to say that they are sentences with either predicate nominatives (Tvaṃ paṇḍito) or predicate adjectives (Mayā dve koṭṭhāsā laddhabbā)

Sarasandi

Yakārādi āgama sandhi (augmentation of consonants ‘y’ and so on):
- sandhi in which the following consonants are augmented when followed by a vowel:
- y - pari + esati > pariyesati
- v - ti + aṅgikaṃ > tivaṅgikaṃ
- m - idha + āhu > idhamāhu
- d - u + ayo > udayo
- n - ito + āyati > ito nāyati
- t - tasmā + iha > tasmātiha (tasmātiha bhikkhave evaṃ sikkhitabbaṃ)
- r - ni + antaraṃ > nirantaraṃ
- ḷ - cha + abhiññā > chaḷabhiññā
From Kaccāyana: “yavamadanataralā cāgamā” > yava (as long as) mada (one is intoxicated) na (one cannot) Tara (cross) la (there)

Dvebhāva sandhi

Sometimes the consonant in the beginning of the second word is duplicated, which is called augmentation of a consonant; the consonant that is thus augmented is called dvebhāva
- philologically, most of such doubling is due to the assimilation of the two beginning consonants of the Sanskrit counterpart of those words. For example, vaya + prāpta > vayaprāpta > vayappātta > vayappatta; nāma + grahaṇa + divasa > nāmagrahaṇadivasa > nāmaggahaṇadivasa
Dvebhāva sandhi is twofold:
- sadisa dvebhāva sandhi (similar augmented consonant): pp, gg
  - sappuriso
  - duggati
- asadisa dvebhāva sandhi (dissimilar augmented consonants): bbh, pph
  - when the beginning letter of the second word is an aspiration (kh, gh, ch, jh, ṭh, ḍh, th, dh, ph, bh), the augmented consonant is its non-aspirated counterpart (k, g, c, j, t, d, p, b) since in pāḷi two aspirated consonants never come close to each other without a vowel in between them

Lesson 8 - declension of ‘satthu’, ‘pitu’, passive voice

8.1. Reading: see the dedicated reading & translation page.

Declension of satthu (m.) (satthādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
Nom.	satthā	satthāro
Voc.	(bho) sattha, “	(bhonto) “
Acc.	satthāraṃ	”, satthāre
Ins./Abl.	satthunā, satthārā	satthūhi, satthūbhi, satthārehi, satthārebhi
Dat/Gen.	satthu, satthuno, satthussa	satthānaṃ, satthārānaṃ, satthūnaṁ
Loc.	satthari	satthāresu, satthūsu

Note:
- “ar” forms first, then, “u” forms.
- nouns that are made by adding -tu to a root are declined as here (dātu, kattu, vattu, bhottu)

Declension of pitu (m.; satthādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
Nom.	pitā	pitaro
Voc.	(bho) pita, “	(bhonto) “
Acc.	pitaraṃ, (pituṁ [nrtdpn])	”, pitare
Ins.	pitunā, pitarā, (petyā [gāthā])	pitūhi, pitūbhi, pitarehi, pitarebhi
Dat/Gen.	pitu, pituno, pitussa	pitūnaṃ, pitānaṁ, pitarānaṁ, (pitunnaṁ [mgln])
Abl.	pitarā, pitunā	pitūhi, pitūbhi, pitarehi, pitarebhi
Loc.	pitari, (pitusmiṁ, pitumhi [nrtdpn])	pitūsu, pitaresu

Note:
- like satthu but the ending vowel of the stem remains short when followed by the consonant ‘r’ and the form pitūhi is added
- same for bhātā (brother)
- *word formation under rattādigaṇa

Passive voice sentences

In passive voice sentences the subject is written in the instrumental case whereas the object is written in the nominative case because the word that indicates the verb refers to the object. The object is utta kamma (as opposed to utta kattu). The word referred to by the verb or the verbal-word should always be written in the nominative case.
if a word made in the passive meaning is in the place of a verb the question that should be asked must be passive. if a word made in the active meaning is in the place of a verb the question that should be asked must be active. One cannot ask an active voice question regarding a passively constructed word which is in the place of a verb and vice-versa.
Sentences in which the object is expressed by either the verb or the verbal word are called passive voice sentences Sentences in which the subject is expressed either by the verb or by the verbal word are called active voice sentences
Syntax:
- Subject (kattu): Said by the verb or verbal-word (utta): nominative Unsaid by the verb or verbal-word (anutta): instrumental Object (kamma): Said by the verb or verbal-word (utta): nominative Unsaid by the verb or verbal-word (anutta): accusative

Niggahīta sandhi

Parassara lopa sandhi
- When niggahīta is followed by a vowel sometimes the vowel is elided (tvaṃ + asi > tvaṃsi (tvaṃsi ācariyo mama)
vaggantādesa sandhi
- When a niggahīta is followed by a group-letter (vaggakkhara), the niggahīta is substituted by the ending letter of the group (vagganta byañjana) to which that group-consonant belongs. (taṇhaṅkaro > taṇhaṃ + karo)

Lesson 9 - manogaṇa, pumādigaṇa

9.1. Reading: see the dedicated reading & translation page.

Manogaṇa

Declension of mana (manādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
Nom.	mano, manaṃ	manā, manāni
Voc.	(bho) mana, manā	(bhavantāni) manā, manāni
Acc.	mano, manaṃ	mane, manāni
Ins.	manasā, manena	manehi, manebhi
Dat/gen.	manaso, manassa	manānaṃ
Abl.	manasmā, manamhā, manā	manehi, manebhi
Loc.	manasi, manasmiṃ, manamhi, mane	manesu

ahani, ahu, raho
mem aid: simplified method: purisa + citta + o / sā / so / - / si
- exceptions:
  - ahani, ahu
  - raho
  - thāma is fake ukāranta
note:
- another list: “mano tamo tapo tejo rajo ojo uro siro ayo vayo payo vāso raho ceto saro yaso chando icchādayo nāma manogaṇo’ti vuccare”
  - there are 2 lists, some words in this group do not share all 3 characteristics
    - vayo belongs to purisādi group when its meaning is destruction as in ‘udayavaya’
    - saro belongs to purisādi group when its meaning is arrow or vowel
    - raho is found as a nipāta as well
    - rajo has 2 characteristics: sa so si, o in samāsa
  - 3 characteristics shared by most words of manogaṇa
    - 1: o as accusative
    - 2: sā, so, -, si
    - 3: o in samāsas and taddhitas
      - samāsa: manoseṭṭhā, vayovuḍḍho, tejodhātu, tapovanaṃ
      - taddhita: manomayā, ayomayaṃ
Some other nouns pertaining to the mano-group
- mano: mind, consciousness
- vaco: word
- vayo: age
- tejo: fire, heat
- yaso: fame, glory, success, retinue
- ayo: iron
- payo: water, milk
  - payodhara: breast (literally ‘milk-bearer’)
- siro: head
- chando: desire
- saro: lake
  - daha: lake (w/ d)
- uro: chest (body part)
- raho: secret place
- aho: day
- tamo: darkness
  - in gāthā it could be with ‘a’: dīpena tamadhaṁsinā
- pada: leg
- note:

Pumādigaṇa

Declension of puma (m.) (pumādigaṇa)

case	singular	plural
Nom.	pumo, pumā	pumā, pumāno
Voc.	(bho) pumaṃ, puma, pumā	(bhonto) pumā, pumāno
Acc.	pumaṃ, pumānaṃ	pume, pumāno
Ins.	pumunā, pumānā, pumena	pumānehi, bhi, pumehi, bhi
Dat/Gen.	pumuno, pumassa	pumānaṃ
Abl.	pumunā, pumānā, pumasmā, pumamhā, pumā	pumānehi, bhi, pumehi, bhi
Loc.	pumāne, pumasmiṃ, pumamhi, pume	pumānesu, pumāsu, pumesu

mem aid: purisa + atta (with u and other strengthened vowels) + special voc.
Puma: male, masculine

Lesson 10 - conjugation of root √as

10.1. Reading: see the dedicated reading & translation page.

Present tense conjugation of the root √as – to be

person	singular	plural
pathama purisa	atthi	santi
majjhima purisa	asi	attha
uttama purisa	asmi, amhi	asma, amha