Lesson 1 - active and passive voice sentences

Kattu kāraka vākya / kattu vācaka vākya

• Kattu kāraka vākya / kattu vācaka vākya: sentence that refers to the agent (active voice sentence)
• Uttakattu / vuttakattu: agent that is referred to by the verb (active voice agent)
• Kattu vācaka kiriyā: verb that refers to the agent (active voice verb)
• Kattu satti: the ability of the agent to perform the action; it is referred to by the instrumental case
• Example
  • ‘puriso bhattaṃ pacati’
    • puriso is the utta kattu (agent referred to by the verb [active voice agent])
    • bhattaṁ is the kamma (object)
    • pacati is the kattu vācaka kiriyā (verb that refers to the agent [active voice verb])
    • this sentence is kattu vācaka vākya (a sentence that refers to the agent [active voice sentence])
• Role of vibhattis
  • what does the paṭhamā vibhatti indicate?: it just indicates the meaning of the stem (liṅgattha) or ālapanattha, but not the subject of the action
  • what does the dutiyā vibhatti indicate?: it normally indicates the kamma (object) of a sentence
  • what does the tatiyā vibhatti indicate?: it normally indicates the karaṇa (instrument) of an action but it denotes the agent (kattu) of an action (not paṭhamavibhatti!)
  • why is the subject of an active voice sentence written in nominative case if it is the tatiyā vibhatti that indicates the agent of an action?
    • the dhātu (root) of the verb expresses the action, and the ākhyātavibhatti (verbal termination) expresses the ability of the agent to perform the action (kattusatti), or simply the agent of the action; since the verb directly shows the agent there is no need for the tatiyāvibhatti to do so, therefore the subject is written in nominative case because in pāḷi a noun must be written with a case ending

Kamma kāraka vākya / kamma vācaka vākya

• Kamma kāraka vākya / kamma vācaka vākya: sentence that refers to the object (passive voice sentence)
• Construction of kammavācakakiriyā
  • dhātu + (ī) + ya + ākhyātavibhatti
  • note:
    • ī is sometimes augmented in order to bring a vowel to the end of the root
    • ya is the passive suffix
  • examples:
    • √pac + (ī) + ya + ti ⇒ pacīyati
    • dā + ī + ya + ti ⇒ dīyati (kaccāyana says the root changes from dā to dī in this case)
• Example:
  • ‘odano purisena pacīyati’
    • odano is the utta kamma (object referred by the verb)
    • purisena is the anutta kattu (agent not referred by the verb)
    • pacīyati is the kamma vācaka kiriyā (verb that refers to the object [passive voice verb])
    • this sentence is kamma vācaka vākya (a sentence that refers to the object [passive voice sentence])
• if the object of the sentence in normally in dutiyā vibhatti, why is it in paṭhamā vibhatti in passive voice sentences?: because the passive verb already refers to the object so it is not necessary to add the dutiyāvibhatti to the object, therefore it is written in paṭhamāvibhatti

Attanopada ākhyāta vibhatti

• Parassapada (nt.) [parassa + pada]: (gram) active voice; transitive voice; lit. word for another
• Attanopada (nt.) [attano + pada]: (gram) reflexive voice; middle voice; lit. word referring to oneself
• Parassapadavibhatti is mostly used for kattu kāraka kiriyā; attanopadavibhatti is mostly used for kamma kāraka kiriyā
• Parassapada and attanopada ākhyāta vibhatti of vattamānā vibhatti (present tense)

  • Parassapada

    person	singular	plural
    pathama purisa (pp.)	ti	anti
    majjhima purisa (mp.)	si	tha
    uttama purisa (up.)	mi	ma

  • Attanopada

    person	singular	plural
    pathama purisa (pp.)	te	ante
    majjhima purisa (mp.)	se	vhe
    uttama purisa (up.)	e	mhe

• Parassapada and attanopada conjugations of the root √pac in vattamānā vibhatti (kammakāraka kiriyā with -ya)

  • Parassapada

    person	singular	plural
    pathama purisa (pp.)	pacīyati	pacīyanti
    majjhima purisa (mp.)	pacīyasi	pacīyatha
    uttama purisa (up.)	pacīyāmi	pacīyāma

  • Attanopada

    person	singular	plural
    pathama purisa (pp.)	pacīyate	pacīyante
    majjhima purisa (mp.)	pacīyase	pacīyavhe
    uttama purisa (up.)	pacīye	pacīyāmhe

Lesson 2 - active and passive voice sentences (II)

Formation of kamma kāraka kiriyā

• Formation of kamma kāraka kiriyā
  • 6 principles for constructing kamma kāraka kiriyā
    • dhātu + (ī) + ya + ākhyātavibhatti
    • if the dhātu ends in ca- or ta-vagga ⇒ double ca-vagga
      • ty / cy ⇒ cc
      • thy / chy ⇒ cch
      • dy / jy ⇒ jj
      • dhy / jhy ⇒ jjh
      • ny / ñy ⇒ ññ
      • Examples:
        • √pac + ya + te ⇒ paccate
        • √vac + ya + te ⇒ vuccate (tradition: a ⇒ u; philo: vacate > uccate (va > u) > vuccate (insertion of v))
        • √yuj + ya + te ⇒ yujjate
        • √chid + ya + te ⇒ chijjate
        • √vadh + ye + te ⇒ vajjhate
        • √han + ya + te ⇒ haññate
    • if the dhātu ends in r or v
      • ry ⇒ yy
      • vy ⇒ vv ⇒ bb
      • Examples:
        • √kar + ya + te ⇒ kayyate
        • √div + ya + te ⇒ dibbate
    • if the dhātu ends in ka-, ṭa-, pa-vaggas, l or s
      • non mahāpāṇa + y ⇒ ‘y’ is assimilated and the consonant becomes double (ky ⇒ kk)
      • mahāpāṇa + y ⇒ ‘y’ is assimilated and they become a combination of the non-mahāpāṇa and mahāpāṇa versions (khy ⇒ kkh)
      • Examples:
        • √lup + ya + te ⇒ luppate
        • √labh + ya + te ⇒ labbhate
        • √gam + ya + te ⇒ gammate
        • √is + ya + te ⇒ issate
        • √vas + ya + te ⇒ vussate
    • if the dhātu ends in h
      • hy ⇒ yh (this inversion is called: ṭhānantaragamana [metathesis])
      • Examples:
        • √gah + ya + te > gayhate
    • if the dhātu has a single vowel ⇒ vowel becomes vuddhi or ‘y’ is doubled
      • Examples:
        • √su + ya + te ⇒ sūyate / suyyate
        • √ci + ya + te ⇒ cīyate / ciyyate

Vocab (Lesson 2)

• Vussati [√vas + ya + ti]: pr. (+loc) is lived; is lived (under)
• Janakuhanatthaṃ (ind.) [jana + kuhana + attha + aṃ]: to deceive people; to create a false impression; lit. for the sake of deceiving people
• Saddhammamaññāya [saddhammaṃ + aññāya]: ger. understanding the true teaching; comprehending the good doctrine
• Aññathā (ind.) [añña + thā]: differently; otherwise; 2 (+abl) different (from); otherwise (than); not like
• Devānaminda (m.) [devānaṃ + inda]: lord of the gods; epithet of Sakka
• Luddo (adj., m.): fierce; cruel; violent; savage; 2 masc. hunter; huntsman

Lesson 3 - active and passive voice sentences (III)

• What determines whether the verb is active or passive?: this is determined by the presence or abscence of the passive suffix ‘ya’, not the parassapada or attanopada vibhattis since both of these vibhattis can be used for both active or passive verbs

Vattamānāvibhatti (present simple tense) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ti / anti / si / tha / mi / ma
    • √pac + a + ti = pacati

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacati	pacanti
    mp.	pacasi	pacatha
    up.	pacāmi	pacāma

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: te / ante / se / vhe / e / mhe
    • √pac + a + te = pacate

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacate	pacante
    mp.	pacase	pacavhe
    up.	pace	pacāmhe

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: te / ante / se / vhe / e / mhe
    • √pac + ya + te = paccate (more common) / √pac + ī + ya + te = pacīyate (less common)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccate	paccante
    mp.	paccase	paccavhe
    up.	pacce	paccāmhe

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ti / anti / si / tha / mi / ma
    • √pac + ya + ti = paccati / √pac + ī + ya + ti = pacīyati (less common)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccati	paccanti
    mp.	paccasi	paccatha
    up.	paccāmi	paccāma

Pañcamīvibhatti (imperative or benedictive mood) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: tu / antu / hi / tha / mi / ma
    • √pac + a + tu = pacatu

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacatu	pacantu
    mp.	pacāhi, paca	pacatha
    up.	pacāmi	pacāma

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: taṁ / antaṁ / ssu / vho / e / āmase
    • √pac + a + taṁ = pacataṁ

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacataṁ	pacantaṁ
    mp.	pacassu	pacavho
    up.	pace	pacāmase

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: taṁ / antaṁ / ssu / vho / e / āmase
    • √pac + ya + taṁ = paccataṁ (more common) / √pac + ī + ya + taṁ = pacīyataṁ

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccataṁ	paccantaṁ
    mp.	paccassu	paccavho
    up.	pacce	paccāmase

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: tu / antu / hi / tha / mi / ma
    • √pac + ya + tu = paccatu (more common) / √pac + ī + ya + tu = pacīyatu

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccatu	paccantu
    mp.	paccāhi, pacca	paccatha
    up.	paccāmi	paccāma

Sattamīvibhatti (optative or potential mood) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: eyya / eyyuṃ / eyyāsi / eyyātha / eyyāmi / eyyāma
    • √pac + a + eyya = paceyya

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paceyya	paceyyuṁ
    mp.	paceyyāsi	paceyyātha
    up.	paceyyāmi	paceyyāma

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: etha / eraṃ / etho / eyyāvho / eyyaṃ / eyyāmhe
    • √pac + a + etha = pacetha

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacetha	paceraṁ
    mp.	pacetho	paceyyāvho
    up.	paceyyaṁ	paceyyāmhe

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: etha / eraṃ / etho / eyyāvho / eyyaṃ / eyyāmhe
    • √pac + ya + etha = paccetha (more common) / √pac + ī + ya + etha = pacīyetha

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccetha	pacceraṁ
    mp.	paccetho	pacceyyāvho
    up.	pacceyyaṁ	pacceyyāmhe

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: eyya / eyyuṃ / eyyāsi / eyyātha / eyyāmi / eyyāma
    • √pac + ya + eyya = pacceyya (more common) / √pac + ī + ya + eyya = pacīyeyya

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacceyya	pacceyyuṁ
    mp.	pacceyyāsi	pacceyyātha
    up.	pacceyyāmi	pacceyyāma

Ajjatanīvibhatti (past tense / aorist) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ī, i / uṁ, iṁsu / o, i / ttha / iṁ / mhā, mha
    • (a) + √pac + ī = apacī

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)pacī, (a)paci	(a)pacuṁ, (a)paciṁsu
    mp.	(a)paco, (a)paci	(a)pacittha
    up.	(a)paciṁ	(a)pacimhā, (a)pacimha

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ā / ū / se / vhaṁ / aṁ / mhe
    • (a) + √pac + ā = apacā

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)pacā	(a)pacū
    mp.	(a)pacise	(a)pacivhaṁ
    up.	(a)pacaṁ	(a)pacimhe

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ā / ū / se / vhaṁ / aṁ / mhe
    • (a) + √pac + ya + ā = apaccā (more common) / (a) + √pac + ī + ya + ā = apaccīyā (or apaccittha? tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)paccā	(a)paccū
    mp.	(a)paccise	(a)paccivhaṁ
    up.	(a)paccaṁ	(a)paccimhe

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ī, i / uṁ, iṁsu / o, i / ttha / iṁ / mhā, mha
    • (a) + √pac + ya + ī = apaccī (more common) / (a) + √pac + ī + ya + ī = apaccīyī

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)paccī, (a)pacci	(a)paccuṁ, (a)pacciṁsu
    mp.	(a)pacco, (a)pacci	(a)paccittha
    up.	(a)pacciṁ	(a)paccimhā, (a)paccimha

Bhavissantīvibhatti (future tense) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ssati / ssanti / ssasi / ssatha / ssāmi / ssāma
    • √pac + i + ssati = pacissati (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacissati	pacissanti
    mp.	pacissasi	pacissatha
    up.	pacissāmi	pacissāma

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ssate / ssante / ssase / ssavhe / ssaṃ / ssāmhe
    • √pac + i + ssate = pacissate (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	pacissate	pacissante
    mp.	pacissase	pacissavhe
    up.	pacissaṁ	pacissāmhe

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ssate / ssante / ssase / ssavhe / ssaṃ / ssāmhe
    • √pac + ya + i + ssate = paccissate (more common) (tbc) / √pac + ī + ya + i + ssate = pacīyissate (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccissate	paccissante
    mp.	paccissase	paccissavhe
    up.	paccissaṁ	paccissāmhe

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ssati / ssanti / ssasi / ssatha / ssāmi / ssāma
    • √pac + ya + i + ssati = paccissati (more common) (tbc) / √pac + ī + ya + i + ssati = pacīyissati (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	paccissati	paccissanti
    mp.	paccissasi	paccissatha
    up.	paccissāmi	paccissāma

Kālātipattivibhatti (conditional mode) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ssā / ssaṃsu / sse / ssatha / ssaṃ / ssāmhā
    • (a) + √pac + i + ssā = apacissā (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)pacissā	(a)pacissaṁsu
    mp.	(a)pacisse	(a)pacissatha
    up.	(a)pacissaṁ	(a)pacissāmhā

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ssatha / ssiṃsu / ssase / ssavhe / ssiṃ / ssāmhase
    • (a) + √pac + i + ssatha = paccissatha (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)pacissatha	(a)pacissiṁsu
    mp.	(a)pacissase	(a)pacissavhe
    up.	(a)pacissiṁ	(a)pacissāmhase

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ssatha / ssiṃsu / ssase / ssavhe / ssiṃ / ssāmhase
    • (a) + √pac + ya + i + ssatha = apaccissatha (more common) (tbc) / (a) + √pac + ī + ya + i + ssatha = apacīyissatha (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)paccissatha	(a)paccissiṁsu
    mp.	(a)paccissase	(a)paccissavhe
    up.	(a)paccissiṁ	(a)paccissāmhase

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ssā / ssaṃsu / sse / ssatha / ssaṃ / ssāmhā
    • (a) + √pac + ya + i + ssā = apaccissā (more common) (tbc) / (a) + √pac + ī + ya + i + ssā = apacīyissā (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	(a)paccissā	(a)paccissaṁsu
    mp.	(a)paccisse	(a)paccissatha
    up.	(a)paccissaṁ	(a)paccissāmhā

Hīyattanīvibhatti (imperfect past tense) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ā / ū / o / ttha / aṁ / mhā
    • (a) + √pac + ā = apacā (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	apacā	apacū
    mp.	apaco	apacattha
    up.	apacaṁ	apacamhā

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ttha / tthuṁ / se / vhaṁ / iṁ / mhase
    • (a) + √pac + a + ttha = apacattha (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	apacattha	apacatthuṃ
    mp.	apacase	apacavhaṃ
    up.	apaciṃ	apacamhase

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ttha / tthuṁ / se / vhaṁ / iṁ / mhase
    • (a) + √pac + ya + ttha = apaccattha (more common) (tbc) / (a) + √pac + ī + ya + ttha = apacīyattha (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	apaccattha	apaccatthuṃ
    mp.	apaccase	apaccavhaṃ
    up.	apacciṃ	apaccamhase

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: ā / ū / o / ttha / aṁ / mhā
    • (a) + √pac + ya + ā = apaccā (more common) (tbc) / (a) + √pac + ī + ya + ā = apacīyā (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	apaccā	apaccū
    mp.	apacco	apaccattha
    up.	apacca	apaccamhā

Parokkhāvibhatti (indefinite or perfect past) - active and passive voice - √pac (bhūvādigaṇa)

• Active voice
  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: a / u / e / ttha / aṁ / mha
    • (radical consonant and vowel) + √pac + a = papaca (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	papaca	papacu
    mp.	papace	papacittha
    up.	papacaṃ	papacamha

  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ttha / re / ttho / vho / iṃ / mhe
    • (pa) + √pac + i + ttha = papacattha (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	papacittha	papacire
    mp.	papacittho	papacivho
    up.	papaciṃ	papacimhe

• Passive voice
  • Attanopada — verbal terminations: ttha / re / ttho / vho / iṃ / mhe
    • (pa) + √pac + ya + i + ttha = papaccittha (more common) (tbc) / (pa) + √pac + ī + ya + i + ttha = papacīyittha (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	papaccittha	papaccire
    mp.	papaccittho	papaccivho
    up.	papacciṃ	papaccimhe

  • Parassapada — verbal terminations: a / u / e / ttha / aṁ / mha
    • (pa) + √pac + ya + a = papacca (more common) (tbc) / (pa) + √pac + ī + ya + a = papacīya (tbc)

    person	singular	plural
    pp.	papacca	papaccu
    mp.	papacce	papaccittha
    up.	papaccaṃ	papaccamha

All ākhyātavibhatti’s verbal terminations

ākhyātavibhatti	parassapada	attanopada
vattamānāvibhatti	ti / anti / si / tha / mi / ma	te / ante / se / vhe / e / mhe
pañcamīvibhatti	tu / antu / hi / tha / mi / ma	taṁ / antaṁ / ssu / vho / e / āmase
sattamīvibhatti	eyya / eyyuṁ / eyyāsi / eyyātha / eyyāmi / eyyāma	etha / eraṁ / etho / eyyāvho / eyyaṁ / eyyāmhe
ajjatanīvibhatti	ī, i / uṁ, iṁsu / o, i / ttha / iṁ / mhā, mha	ā / ū / se / vhaṁ / aṁ / mhe
bhavissantīvibhatti	ssati / ssanti / ssasi / ssatha / ssāmi / ssāma	ssate / ssante / ssase / ssavhe / ssaṁ / ssāmhe
kālātipattivibhatti	ssā / ssaṁsu / sse / ssatha / ssaṁ / ssāmhā	ssatha / ssiṁsu / ssase / ssavhe / ssiṁ / ssāmhase
hīyattanīvibhatti	ā / ū / o / ttha / aṁ / mhā	ttha / tthuṁ / se / vhaṁ / iṁ / mhase
parokkhāvibhatti	a / u / e / ttha / aṃ / mha	ttha / re / ttho / vho / iṃ / mhe

Which vowel is added to each ākhyātavibhatti when a vowel is needed?

• vattamānāvibhatti: a (pacati)
• pañcamīvibhatti: a (pacatu)
• sattamīvibhatti: -
• ajjatanīvibhatti: i (apacittha)
• bhavissantīvibhatti: i (pacissati)
• kālātipattivibhatti: i (apacissā)
• hīyattanīvibhatti: a (apacattha)
• parokkhāvibhatti: mostly i (papacittha), but uttamapurisa bahuvacana with a (papacamha)

Which ākhyātavibhattis have something added before the root and what is it?

• ajjatanīvibhatti: a (apacī)
• kālātipattivibhatti: a (apacissā)
• hīyattanīvibhatti: a (apacā)
• parokkhāvibhatti: the first radical consonant with its vowel (papacati); if aspirated, its non-aspirated version is added and sometimes the vowel changes into ‘a’ (babhūva)

Lesson 4 - hīyattanī and parokkhā ākhyāta vibhatti

Hīyattanīvibhatti

• what is the difference between ajjatanī and hīyattanī in terms usage and construction?: ajjatanī (ajja: today), according to some grammarians, was used to refer to the recent past while hīyattanī to distant past, but according to current use there is no difference and they can be used interchangeably; in terms of construction the only difference apart from the verbal terminations is that when a vowel is needed prior to the verbal terminations that begin with a consonant, the vowel added in ajjatanī is ‘i’ (apacittha) while in hīyattanī is ‘a’ (apacattha)

Parokkhāvibhatti (past indefinite)

• what does the parokkhāvibhatti express?: it denotes actions that have taken place in the past but were not witnessed directly by the speaker who has just heard or read about them; it is rarely used
• how should it be translated?: it should be translated with the phrase “it is said that”
• how it is constructed?: when parokkhā terminations are added, the initial radical consonant and vowel are reduplicated (abbhāsa) (√pac ⇒ papac); aspirated consonants become their non-aspirated counterpart and sometimes the vowel changes into “a” (√bhū ⇒ bubhū ⇒ babhū ⇒ babhūva [in this example, “ū” of the √bhū has changed into “ūva”])
• Abbhāsa: the reduplicated syllable which cannot be an aspirated since in pāḷi two aspirated consonants never follow each other (thth ✗) (tth ✓)
• note:
  • bhū + a + ti = bhavati
  • parokkhā [paro + akkha + ā] (f.): (gram) perfect past tense; indefinite past; completed action; lit. unseen past

Lesson 5 - conjugation of the bhūvādigaṇa

√pac – vattamānā

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – pacati, pacanti, pacasi, pacatha, pacāmi, pacāma
  • Attanopada – pacate, pacante, pacase, pacavhe, pace, pacāmhe
• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – paccate, paccante, paccase, paccavhe, pacce, paccāmhe
  • Parassapada – paccati, paccanti, paccasi, paccatha, paccāmi, paccāma

√pac – pañcamī

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – pacatu, pacantu, pacāhi/paca, pacatha, pacāmi, pacāma
  • Attanopada – pacataṃ, pacantaṃ, pacassu, pacavho, pace, pacāmase
• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – paccataṃ, paccantaṃ, paccassu, paccavho, pacce, pacāmase
  • Parassapada – paccatu, paccantu, paccāhi/pacca, paccatha, paccāmi, paccāma

√pac – sattamī

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – paceyya/pace, paceyyuṃ, paceyyāsi/pace, paceyyātha, paceyyāmi, pace, paceyyāma
  • Attanopada – pacetha, paceraṃ, pacetho, paceyyāvho, paceyyaṃ, paceyyāmhe

√pac – sattamī

• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – paccetha, pacceraṃ, paccetho, pacceyyāvho, pacceyyaṃ, pacceyyāmhe
  • Parassapada – pacceyya, pacceyyuṃ, pacceyyāsi, pacceyyātha, pacceyyāmi, pacceyyāma

√pac – ajjatanī

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – apacī/pacī, apaci/paci, apacuṃ/pacuṃ, apaciṃsu/paciṃsu, apaco/paco, apacittha/pacittha, apaciṃ/paciṃ, apacimhā/pacimhā, apacimha/pacimha
  • Attanopada – apacā/pacā, apacū/pacū, apacise/pacise, apacivhaṃ/pacivhaṃ, apacaṃ/pacaṃ, apacimhe/pacimhe

√pac – ajjatanī

• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – apaccā/paccā, apaccittha/paccittha¹, apaccū/paccū, apaccise/paccise, apaccivhaṃ/paccivhaṃ, apaccaṃ/paccaṃ, apaccimhe/paccimhe
  • Parassapada – apaccī/paccī, apaccuṃ/paccuṃ, apacco/pacco, apaccittha/paccittha, apacciṃ/pacciṃ, apaccimhā/paccimhā

√pac – bhavissanti

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – pacissati, pacissanti, pacissasi, pacissatha, pacissāmi, pacissāma
  • Attanopada – pacissate, pacissante, pacissase, pacissavhe, pacissaṃ, pacissāmhe

√pac – bhavissanti

• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – paccissate, paccissante, paccissase, paccissavhe, paccissaṃ, paccissāmhe
  • Parassapada – paccissati, paccissanti, paccissasi, paccissatha, paccissāmi, paccissāma

√pac – kālātipatti

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – apacissā/pacissā, apacissaṃsu/pacissaṃsu, apacisse/pacisse, apacissatha/pacissatha, apacissaṃ/pacissaṃ, apacissāmhā/pacissāmhā
  • Attanopada – apacissatha/pacissatha, apacissiṃsu/pacissiṃsu, apacissase/pacissase, apacissavhe/pacissavhe, apacissiṃ/pacissiṃ, apacissāmhase/pacissāmhase

√pac – kālātipatti

• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – apaccissatha/paccissatha, apaccissiṃsu/paccissiṃsu, apaccissase/paccissase, apaccissavhe/paccissavhe, apaccissiṃ/paccissiṃ, apaccissāmhase/paccissāmhase
  • Parassapada – apaccissā/paccissā, apaccissaṃsu/paccissaṃsu, apaccisse/paccisse, apaccissatha/paccissatha, apaccissaṃ/paccissaṃ, apaccissāmhā/paccissāmhā

√pac – hīyattanī

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – apacā/pacā, apacū/pacū, apaco/paco, apacattha/pacattha, apaca/paca, apacamhā/pacamhā
  • Attanopada – apacattha/pacattha, apacatthuṃ/pacatthuṃ, apacase/pacase, apacavhaṃ/pacavhaṃ, apaciṃ/paciṃ, apacamhase/pacamhase

√pac – hīyattanī

• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – apaccattha/paccattha, apaccatthuṃ/paccatthuṃ, apaccase/paccase, apaccavhaṃ/paccavhaṃ, apacciṃ/pacciṃ, apaccamhase/paccamhase
  • Parassapada – apaccā/paccā, apaccū/paccū, apacco/pacco, apaccattha/paccattha, apacca/pacca, apaccamhā/paccamhā

√pac – parokkhā

• Kattu kāraka
  • Parassapada – papaca, papacu, papace, papacittha, papacaṃ, papacamha
  • Attanopada – papacittha, papacire, papacittho, papacivho, papaciṃ, papacimhe

√pac – parokkhā

• Kamma kāraka
  • Attanopada – papaccittha, papaccire, papaccittho, papaccivho, papacciṃ, papaccimhe
  • Parassapada – papacca, papaccu, papacce, papaccittha, papaccaṃ, papaccamha

Lesson 6 - conjugation of the rudhādigaṇa

• in kamma kāraka the vikaraṇa paccaya is optional and is rarely used
• the difference between the vikaraṇa paccayas of bhuvādigaṇa and rudhādigaṇa is that rudhādigaṇa’s vikaraṇa paccaya’s function is different having a niggahīta inserted after the radical vowel
• in case there is a vagga byañjana following the niggahīta, a vagganta sandhi occurs
• Vikaraṇa ‘making different’
• Examples of roots of rudhādigaṇa
  • rudh ⇒ ruṁdha ⇒ rundhati
  • rudh ⇒ rudhya ⇒ rujjhate
  • muc ⇒ muṁca ⇒ muñcati
  • vid ⇒ viṁda ⇒ vindati
  • chid ⇒ chiṁda ⇒ chindati
  • bhid ⇒ bhiṁda ⇒ bhindati
  • phad ⇒ phaṁda ⇒ phandati

Lesson 7 - conjugation of divādigaṇa

• most roots in this group are intransitive, they do not have object therefore there is no kammakāraka form of the verb; (in thailand when the root has the sense of to play it does take the passive meaning but is has the same form)
• the vikaraṇapaccaya of this group is ‘ya’; when in passive voice, the passive suffix ‘ya’ is also added; the first ‘ya’ is the vikaraṇa paccaya while the second is the passive suffix
• Examples of roots of divādigaṇa
  • div ⇒ div + ya + ti ⇒ divvyati ⇒ dibbati
  • siv ⇒ siv + ya + ti ⇒ sivvati ⇒ sibbati
  • yudh ⇒ yudh + ya + ti ⇒ yujjhati
  • pad ⇒ upa + pad + ya + ti ⇒ uppajjati
  • sam ⇒ upa + sam + ya + ti ⇒ sammati / upasammati
  • kudh ⇒ kudh + ya + ti ⇒ kujjhati

Lesson 8 - kiyādigaṇa and gahādigaṇa

Kiyādigaṇa

• the vowel ‘ī’ of the root kī is shortened and the vikaraṇa paccaya ‘na’ becomes ‘ṇa’ (when in sanskrit there is ‘r’, in pāḷi the n become ṇ);
• Examples of roots of kiyādigaṇa
  • ji
  • ci
  • lī
  • dhū

Gahādigaṇa

• there is a second vikaraṇa paccaya given in grammar books but not seen in use, ‘ppa’: gah + ppa + ti ⇒ gheppati
• there is only one root in this group but the word taṇhā is formed with this tas ṇhā ⇒ taṇhā
• according to rūpasiddhi there are only 7 roots; the root gah being included in kiyādigaṇa; gah + nā + ti ⇒ gaṇhāti (ṇ because in sanskrit the root is grah)
• metathesis occurs in the formation of the kamma kāraka verbs interchanging the consonants ‘h’ and ‘y’: gah + ya + te ⇒ gay + ha + ti

Lesson 9 - tanoti

Suvādigaṇa

• the vowel ‘u’ of the vikaraṇa paccaya ‘ṇu’ is always strengthened into ‘o’
• Examples
  • su
    • ⇒ su ṇu ti ⇒ suṇoti
    • ⇒ su ṇā ti ⇒ suṇāti
• not all 3 vikaraṇa paccayas are used for all roots

Tanādigaṇa

• the vikaraṇapaccaya ‘yira’ is only connected to the root kar
• Examples
  • kar
    • karoti
    • kayirati

Lesson 10 - curādigaṇa

• sometimes vuddhi does not happen

1. On many occasions, the suffix “a” is substituted with “ttha.” ↩