Lesson 11 - taddhitanāma and apaccataddhita

Paccaya (suffixes)

• what is the difference between the function of prefixes and that of suffixes?: prefixes are added before a root and show a meaning that the root already had, while suffixes are added after a root and add a new meaning to it
• 5 types of paccaya (suffixes) (tbc)
  • (vikaraṇa paccaya (pac + a + ti))
  • Taddhita paccaya (guṇa + vantu): suffixes added to nouns to form taddhitanāmas
  • Dhātu paccaya (pabbatāyati): includes causative suffixes
  • Kitaka paccaya (pacanta): suffixes added to roots to form kitakanāmas
  • Vibhatti paccaya (suffixes that act as vibhattis; e.g.: gāmato, yattha)
  • Vibhatti (nāma or ākhyāta vibhatti: purisassa, pacati)
• Two main types of paccaya (tbc)
  • paccaya (taddhita, kitaka, vibhattipaccaya and dhātupaccaya)
  • vibhatti (nāma / ākhyātavibhatti)

Taddhitanāma

• what are taddhitanāma and how are they constructed?: they are secondary derivatives which are nouns constructed by adding suffixes to nouns (example: guṇa [virtues] + vantu [one who possesses] = guṇavantu [one who possesses virtues])
• 6 + 1 types of taddhita
  • apaccataddhita
  • anekatthataddhita
  • assatthitaddhita
  • saṁkhyātaddhita
  • abyayataddhita
  • bhāvataddhita
  • sakatthataddhita (extra type which is not directly given in such classifications)
  • mem aid: son, many, his, no., unchanging, nature, own

Apaccataddhita

• “offspring” secondary derivatives: nouns formed by adding one of the 4 suffixes with the meaning ‘the offspring of’ to it
• apaccaṁ (nt.): putto (son or daughter), offspring, progeny (of), lit. from-ness
• Apaccataddhitapaccaya
  • 4 apaccataddhitapaccaya
    • ṇa
      • vasudevassa apaccaṃ ⇒ vāsudevo (son of Vāsudeva)
    • ṇāyana, ṇana
      • vacchassa apaccaṃ ⇒ vacchāyano / vacchāno
      • kaccassa apaccaṃ ⇒ kaccāyano / kaccāno
      • moggallānassa apaccaṃ ⇒ moggallāyano / moggallāno
    • ṇeyya
      • kattikāya apaccaṃ ⇒ kattikeyyo
      • bhaginiyā apaccaṃ ⇒ bhāgineyyo
    • ṇera
      • samaṇassa (upajjhāyassa) apaccaṃ ⇒ sāmaṇero
  • Examples:
    • vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṁ ⇒ vasiṭṭha + ṇa ⇒ vāsiṭṭha (son of Vasiṭṭha)
    • baladevassa apaccaṃ ⇒ bāladevo (son of Baladeva)
    • bhāradvājassa apaccaṃ ⇒ bhāradvājo (son of Bhāradvāja)
    • vesāmittassa apaccaṃ ⇒ vesāmitto (son of Vesāmitta)
    • gotamassa apacccaṃ ⇒ gotamo (son of the King Suddhodana, who was called Gotama, – The Buddha)
    • cittakassa apaccaṃ ⇒ cittako
    • anubandha: the letter ṇ connected to a suffix as an indicator of the grammatical function of vuddhi; after it performs its function it is elided
• Viggahavākya: definition sentence (sentence with the resolution of words into their elements)
  • the definition sentence for apaccataddhita is made by adding apaccaṁ to the genitive case of the noun
    • example: vasudevassa apaccaṁ ⇒ vāsudevo

Lesson 12 - anekatthataddhita

• What is anekatthataddhita?: secondary derivatives constructed by adding an anekatthataddhitapaccaya which has several meanings to a noun
• Anekatthataddhitapaccaya are taddhita suffixes that have several meanings (ṇika, ṇa, ṇeyya, ima, iya, ya, maya, tara and tama)
• Anekatthataddhita suffixes
  • -ṇa
    • Jātataddhita (I): in the sense of tatra jātaṃ (one who was born / arose there)
      • rājagahe jāto — rājagaho (something which arose or one who was born in Rājagaha)
      • mathurāyaṃ jāto — māthuro (something which arose or one who was born in Mathura)
      • nagare jāto — nāgaro (something which arose or one who was born in the city)
    • Idaṁtaddhita: in the sense of tassedaṃ (something that belongs to him)
      • Sugatassa idaṃ — sogataṃ: sāsanaṃ (something belonging to the Sugata – the dispensation/sāsana)
      • mahiṃsassa idaṃ — māhiṃsaṃ: maṃsaṃ (something belonging to the buffalo – buffalo meat)
  • -ṇeyya
    • Jātataddhita (II): in the meaning of tatra jātaṃ (something which arose or one who was born there)
      • Bārāṇasiyaṃ jāto — bārāṇaseyyako (one who is born in Bārāṇasī) – letter “ka” is added at the end
      • pabbate jātā — pabbateyyā: nadī (something that originated from a mountain [river])
    • Arahatitaddhita: in the sense of taṃ arahati (one who deserves it)
      • dakkhiṇaṃ arahatīti — dakkhiṇeyyo: sāvakasaṃgho (one who deserves to accept the offering [Saṅgha])
  • -ṇika
    • Adhītetaddhita: in the sense of taṃ adhīte (he studies it)
      • adhīte (pp.: adhīta): one who studies, learns by heart
      • how should ābhidhammiko be translated?: it should not be translated as “he studies Abhidhamma” but as “one who studies Abhidhamma”; though “adhīte” is translated as “studies” in a sentence, its actual meaning is “one who studies”, since the verb itself refers to the subject who does the action (because the verb is formed in kattu sādhana)
      • Examples:
        • Abhidhammaṃ adhīte ābhidhammiko (one who studies / is an expert in abhidhamma)
        • Suttantaṃ adhīte suttantiko (someone who studies / is an expert in suttanta)
        • Vinayamadhīte venayiko (someone who studies / is an expert in grammar)
    • Kataṁtaddhita: in the sense of tena kataṃ (it is done by / with this)
      • kāyena kataṃ — kāyikaṃ (done with body, done by body)
      • vācāya kataṃ — vācasikaṃ (done with words) – Here, “s” has been inserted
  • -ima
    • Jātataddhita (III)
      • pacchā jāto — pacchimo (that which was born / arose later)
      • ante jāto — antimo (that which was born / arose at the end)
      • upari jāto — uparimo (that which was born / arose on top)
  • -iya
    • Jātataddhita (IV)
      • loke jāto — lokiyo (something that arose in the world, mundane)
    • Bhavataddhita
      • bodhipakkhe bhavā — bodhipakkhiyā (something that is of / exists in the group of the enlightening wisdom)
      • pañcavagge bhavā — pañcavaggiyā
      • chabbagge bhavā — chabbaggiyā
      • vocab:
        • Pakkha: adj. associated with; connected to; siding with; lit. on the side of; 2 masc. side; flank; 3 masc. wing; 4 masc. cripple; lame; 5 masc. side; party; group; faction; 6 masc. lunar phase; fortnight; half-month
  • -ya
    • Jātataddhita (V)
      • thanato jātaṃ — thaññaṃ: khīraṁ (something that arose from the breast [milk])
    • Bhavataddhita (II)
      • gāme bhavo — gammo (something that exists among the villages) (gāma + ya ⇒ gām + ya)
    • Saṃvattatitaddhita
      • dhanāya saṃvattatīti — dhaññaṃ (something that leads to wealth – grain) (dhana + ya)
    • Sādhutaddhita
      • sabhāyaṃ sādhu — sabbhaṃ (something that is good (appropriate) to be said in an assembly) (sabh + ya)
    • Hitataddhita
      • pādānaṃ hitaṃ — pajjaṃ: telaṃ (something that is good (beneficial) for the legs – oil) (pād + ya)
    • note:
      • when -ya is succeeding, the vowel ‘a’ is always elided
      • bujjhatīti buddho (kattusatti - the power of the agent): in viggahavākya the ‘iti’ shows the hetu, the cause, for the kattusatti; it can also denote the kammasatti: karīyatīti kammaṁ; ‘iti’ is not used when there is no verb
  • -maya
    • Pakatataddhita (tbc): in the meaning of tena pakataṃ (something that is made out of this)
      • suvaṇṇena pakataṃ — suvaṇṇamayaṃ / sovaṇṇamayaṃ (something made out of gold)
      • rajatena pakataṃ — rajatamayaṃ (something made out of silver)
      • vocab:
        • Pakata (pa + kata): made of
      • note: there are more meanings for this suffix
  • -tara and -tama (acc. to some scholars these are the comparative and superlative suffixes)
    • Visesataddhita
      • visesena pāpo (evil one) — pāpataro, pāpatamo (one who is more / the most evil)
    • note: there are more meanings for this suffix

Lesson 13 - assatthitaddhita

• Assatthitaddhitapaccaya are suffixes that denote the sense of taṃ assa atthi (he possesses / has it) as well as occasional additional meanings such as ‘abundance’ (kesavo), or ‘disgrace’ and the most common are -vantu, -mantu, -ī and -ṇa
• Some of the many assatthitaddhitapaccayas
  • -vantu: used for any stems ending in ‘a’ or ‘ā’
    • guṇo assa atthīti — guṇavā (one who has wholesome virtues)
    • dhanaṃ assa atthīti — dhanavā (one who has wealth)
    • note:
      • iti = hetu (cause)
      • ‘assa atthi’ is replaced by the suffix
  • -mantu: used for stems endings in ‘i’, ‘ī’, ‘u’, ‘ū’ and ‘o’ (there are no stems ending in ‘e’)
    • sati assa atthīti — satimā (one who has mindfulness – mindful person)
    • dhiti assa atthīti — dhitimā (one who has courage or effort)
    • āyu assa atthīti — āyasmā (one who has lifespan) (here, u ⇒ as)
  • -imantu
    • cando assa atthīti — candimā (one who has the moon [it can refer to both the Candimādevaputta that has the moon as his mansion or to the moon that has the deva])
    • putto assa atthīti - puttimā (one who has children)
  • -vī
    • medhā assa atthīti — medhāvī (one who has wisdom)
    • note: only this example is found
  • -va
    • kesā assa atthīti — kesavo (one who has hair – normally this refers to one who has abundant / long hair)
  • -sī
    • tapo assa atthīti — tapassī (one who has austerity [ascetic])
    • yaso assa atthīti — yasassī (one who has fame [famous])
  • -sa
    • sumedhā assa atthīti — sumedhaso (one who has higher or great wisdom)
  • -āla
    • vācā assa atthīti — vācālo (one who has many words [talkative person])
  • -ila
    • jaṭā assa atthīti — jaṭilo (one who has matted hair)
  • -ika and -ī
    • daṇḍo assa atthīti — daṇḍiko, daṇḍī (one who has a stick)
    • chatthaṁ assa atthīti - chaṭṭhī
    • sukhaṁ assa atthīti - sukhī
    • yogo assa atthīti - yogī (one who has effort)
    • why chatthaṁ becomes chaṭṭhī with ṭṭ?
  • -ra
    • madhu assa atthīti — madhuro (thing which has sweet taste – tasty)
  • -ṇa
    • saddhā assa atthīti — saddho (one who has faith), if feminine: saddhā (a female who has faith)
    • paññā assa atthīti - pañño
    • kusalaṁ assa atthīti - kusalo (here vuddhi does not happen)
    • pāpaṁ assa atthīti - pāpo
    • sati assa atthīti - sato
    • note:
      • in the sentence ‘paññena desito dhammo’ what does paññena refer to?: if paññena referred to wisdom it would be paññāya since it is a feminine noun, so here it certainly is an assatthitaddhita meaning ‘one who has wisdom’ (paññā + ṇa)
• note:
  • can all suffixes be used with any words?: the suffix -vantu is used for stems endings in a / ā, the suffix -mantu for those ending in i / ī / u / ū / o, while other suffixes can only be used with specific words
  • pāḷi has about 950.000 unique words with unique spelling

Lesson 13.2 - saṅkhyātaddhita

• Saṅkhyātaddhita: secondary derivatives constructed by adding to a noun suffixes that are related to cardinal numbers
• Saṅkhyātaddhitapaccaya: taddhita suffixes that are related to cardinal numbers (saṅkhyā f. ⇒ (gram) numeral, number)
  • Pūraṇataddhita: a group of saṅkhyātaddhitas used to form ordinal numbers (pūranti anenāti pūraṇaṃ [pūraṇa is the reason by which something is filled up or fulfilled])
    • vocab:
      • Anena [ima + ena]: pron. with this; by this
    • Pūraṇataddhita’s 5 suffixes
      • -tiya: added to the cardinal numbers dvi and ti
        • dvinnaṃ pūraṇo – dutiyo (second) (dvi + tiya ⇒ dutiya)
        • tiṇṇaṃ pūraṇo – tatiyo (third) (ti + tiya ⇒ ta + tiya ⇒ tatiya)
        • note: paṭhama (first) is not a taddhita noun
      • -tha: added to the cardinal number catu
        • catunnaṃ pūraṇo – catuttho (fourth) (catu + tha ⇒ catuttha)
      • -ma: added to other cardinals number such as pañca, satta and so on
        • pañcannaṃ pūraṇo — pañcamo (fifth)
        • sattannaṃ pūraṇo — sattamo (seventh)
        • aṭṭhannaṁ pūraṇo - aṭṭhamo…navamo…dasamo…
        • ekādasannaṃ pūraṇo - ekādasamo (eleventh)…dvādasamo…terasamo……vīsatimo…satamo…
        • note: for all numbers after 7 -ma is used, but from 11-18 the suffix -ī can also be used
      • -ṭha: added to the cardinal number cha
        • channaṃ pūraṇo — chaṭṭho (sixth)
      • -ī: added to cardinal number such as ekādasa, paṇṇarasa and so on (11-18); used for days
        • ekādasannaṃ pūraṇī - ekādasī (eleventh) (it could also be -ma)
        • dvādasannaṁ pūraṇī - dvādasī
        • terasannaṁ pūraṇī - terasī
        • catuddasannaṁ pūraṇī - cātuddasī
        • pannarasannaṃ pūraṇī - pannarasī (fifteenth) (it could also be -ma)
        • soḷasannaṁ pūraṇī - soḷasī…sattarasī…aṭṭharasī
        • note:
          • since the suffix -ī is feminine, pūraṇa ⇒ pūraṇī
          • the suffix -ī is used for referring to days
      • note:
        • if the word refers to a feminine noun, the suffixes -ā or -ī are added
          • dvinnaṃ pūraṇī — dutiyā (dvi + tiya + ā)
          • catunnaṃ pūraṇī — catutthī (catu + tha + ī)
        • if words refer to neuter gender nouns:
          • dvinnaṃ pūraṇaṃ dutiyaṃ

Lesson 14 - abyayataddhita and bhāvataddhita

Avyayataddhita

• taddhita nouns that act / behave like nipātas (indeclinables) which are also called abyaya
• Avyayataddhitapaccaya
  • -kkhattuṃ: vārataddhita
    • ekasmiṃ vāre — ekakkhattuṃ (one time, once)
    • dvīsu vāresu — dvikkhattuṃ (two times, twice)
  • -dhā: vibhāgataddhita
    • ekena vibhāgena — ekadhā (in one division / way)
    • dvīhi vibhāgehi — dvidhā (in two divisions / ways)
    • Examples:
      • “catudhā vibhaje bhogaṁ paṇḍito gharamāvasaṁ ekena bhoge bhuñjeyya (enjoy including making merits) dvīhi kammaṁ payojate (invest) catutthañca nidhāpeyya (save) āpadāsu bhavissati”
      • “sattadhā me phale muddhā”
      • vocab:
        • Vibhāgo (m.) [vi + √bhaj + *a] ✓: (gram) classification; dissection; disjunction; lit. division
  • -thā, -thaṃ: pakārataddhita: used with pronouns
    • tena pakārena — tathā (in that manner / in that way)
    • aññena pakārena — aññathā (in another manner / way)
    • kena pakārena — kathaṃ (in which manner / way)
    • iminā pakārena — itthaṃ (in this manner / way)
    • note:
      • -thaṁ is only used with the pronouns kiṁ and ima
  • Vibhatti paccayanta pada
    • avyayataddhita nouns that end with vibhattipaccayas (suffixes that are used in the meaning of nominal cases)
    • Vibhattipaccayas (suffixes that express the meaning of nominal cases)
      • -to: used in the ablative (pañcamī) meaning and sometimes instrumental or locative
        • gāmato (from the village)
        • rukkhato (from the tree)
        • corato (from the thieves)
        • note: it could have instrumental (aniccato passati: he looks as impermanent) or locative meaning as well
      • -tra and -tha: used in the locative (sattamī) meaning
        • yatra, yattha (in which place)
        • tatra, tattha (there)
        • kutra, kuttha (where)
        • aññatra, aññattha (in another place) (here not in the sense of ‘except’)
        • note: -tha always doubles
      • -dhi: used in the locative (sattamī) meaning after the noun sabba
        • sabbadhi (everywhere)
      • -hiṁ, -haṁ, -va, -dha: used in the locative (sattamī) meaning after specific pronouns
        • after the pronoun kiṃ the suffixes -hiṃ, -haṃ and -va are used
          • kuhiṃ / kahaṃ / kva (where?) (kiṃ undergoes changes)
        • after the pronoun ta the suffixes -hiṃ and -haṃ are used
          • tahiṃ / tahaṃ (there)
        • after the pronoun ya the suffix -hiṃ is used
          • yahiṃ (in which place)
        • after the pronoun ima the suffix -dha is used
          • idha (here)
      • -dā, -dācanaṃ, -dāni: used in the meaning of time (kālattha) after specific words in the locative sense (kāla sattamī)
        • yadā (in which time)
        • tadā (then, at that time)
        • aññadā (at another time)
        • kudācanaṃ (the pronoun kiṁ here lost its meaning) (sometimes, at any time)
        • idāni (in this time, these days)

Bhāvataddhita

• taddhita nouns that are made with suffixes with the meaning “its nature (bhāva)”
• Some bhāvataddhita paccayas
  • -tā and -tta
    • sabbaññuno bhāvo — sabbaññuttaṃ, sabbaññutā (the nature of the omniscient / omniscience)
    • manussassa bhāvo — manussattaṃ, manussatā (state of being human)
    • daṇḍino bhāvo — daṇḍittaṃ, daṇḍitā (nature of having a stick)
  • -ttana
    • puthujjanassa bhāvo — puthujjanattanaṃ (state of a worldling)
    • jāyassa bhāvo — jāyattanaṃ (state of being a wife)
    • jārassa bhāvo — jārattanaṃ (state of being a paramour)
  • -ṇa
    • visamassa bhāvo — vesamaṃ (inequality)
  • -ṇeyya
    • sucissa bhāvo — soceyyaṃ (cleanliness)
    • thenassa bhāvo — theyyaṃ (state of being a thief / theft) – the syllable “na” is dropped
  • -ṇya
    • alasassa bhāvo — ālasyaṃ (laziness)
    • arogassa bhāvo — ārogyaṃ (health)
    • aṇaṇassa bhāvo — āṇaṇyaṃ (deabtlessness)
    • paṇḍitassa bhāvo — paṇḍiccaṃ (erudition/intelligence) (t + ya = ca — cca)
    • kusalassa bhāvo — kosallaṃ (skillfulness/talent) (l + ya = la — lla)
    • samānānaṃ bhāvo — sāmaññaṃ (equality / monkhood) (n + ya = ña — ñña)
    • visāradassa bhāvo — vesārajjaṃ (confidence) (d + ya = ja — jja)
    • note: -ya causes changes when preceded by certain letters
      • t + ya = ca — cca
      • l + ya = la — lla
      • n + ya = ña — ñña
      • d + ya = ja — jja

Lesson 15 - svatthataddhita / sakatthataddhita

• what are svatthataddhitas and how are they also called?: svatthataddhitas (sa + attha), also called sakatthataddhitas (saka + attha: taddhita nouns that convey their own meaning), are taddhita nouns that do not convey any new meaning but simply the same meaning of the noun to which the suffix was added
• Svatthataddhita’s 5 paccaya
  • -tā
    • devoyeva devatā (deity)
    • kāyapāguññameva kāyapāguññatā (proficiency)
  • -ma
    • chaṭṭhoyeva chaṭṭhamo (sixth)
  • -maya
    • dānameva dānamayaṃ (offering)
    • sīlameva sīlamayaṃ (virtue)
  • -ṇya
    • karuṇāyeva kāruññaṃ (compassion)
    • pattakālameva pattakallaṃ (suitable time) (pattakāl + ya ⇒ pattakālla ⇒ pattakalla)
  • -ṇika
    • asaṅkhāroyeva asaṅkhārikaṃ (the mind that is not prompted by payoga saṅkhāra)
    • nipātameva nepātikaṃ (indeclinable)
    • nāmameva nāmikaṁ
  • note:
    • the indeclinable eva of these definition sentences indicates that these nouns are svatthataddhitas; after their construction it is dropped but still these nouns are not called “eva taddhita” but only called svatthataddhita or sakatthataddhita
• All taddhita suffixes with an example (WIP)
  • Apacca taddhita
    • ṇa: vasudeva + ṇa ⇒ vāsudevo
    • ṇāyana, ṇana: moggallāna + ṇāyana / ṇana ⇒ moggallāyano / moggallāno
    • ṇeyya: bhagini + ṇeyya ⇒ bhāgineyya
    • ṇera: samaṇa + ṇera ⇒ sāmaṇera
  • Anekatthataddhita
    • ṇa:
      • jāta: nagara + ṇa ⇒ nāgaro
      • idaṁ: sugato + ṇa ⇒ sogataṁ (sāsanaṁ)
    • ṇeyya
      • jāta: pabbata + ṇeyya ⇒ pabbateyyā (nādī)
      • arahati: dakkhiṇa + ṇeyya ⇒ dakkhiṇeyyo
    • ṇika
    • ima
    • iya
    • ya
    • maya
    • tara
    • tama

Lesson 15 - practice: taddhita dissection

Dissect the noun and suffix of the following taddhita nouns and write the meanings eloborating the meaning of the suffix.

• i. Bāladevo
  • baladevassa apaccaṁ bāladevo (Baladeva’s offspring)
  • baladeva + ṇa (apaccataddhita)
• kāyikaṃ
  • kāyena kataṁ kāyikaṁ (done with the body)
  • kāya + ṇika (anekatthataddhita - kataṁtaddhita)
• nāgaro
  • nagare jāto nāgaro (something which arose / someone who was born in the city)
  • nagara + ṇa (anekatthataddhita - jātataddhita)
• dakkhiṇeyyo
  • dakkhiṇaṁ arahatīti dakkhiṇeyyo (one who deserves the offering)
  • dakkhiṇa + ṇeyya (anekatthataddhita - arahatitaddhita)
• pacchimo
  • pacchā jāto pacchimo (that which was born / arose later)
  • pacchā + ima (anekatthataddhita - jātataddhita)
• thaññaṃ
  • thanato jātaṁ thaññaṁ (that which arose from the breast)
  • thana + ya (anekatthataddhita - jātataddhita)
• rajatamayaṃ
  • rajatena pakataṁ rajatamayaṁ (that which is made of silver)
  • rajata + maya (anekatthataddhita - pakatataddhita)
• pāpataro
  • visesena pāpo pāpataro (one who is more evil)
  • pāpa + tara (anekatthataddhita - visesataddhita)
• guṇavā
  • guṇo assa atthīti guṇavā (one who has virtues)
  • guṇa + vantu (assatthitaddhita)
• tatiyo
  • tiṇṇaṁ pūraṇo tatiyo (the third)
  • ti + tiya ⇒ ta + tiya ⇒ tatiya (saṅkhyātaddhita - pūraṇataddhita)
• dvidhā
  • dvīhi vibhāgehi dvidhā (in two divisions / ways)
  • dvi + dhā (abyayataddhita)
• ālasyaṃ
  • alasassa bhāvo ālasyaṁ (laziness)
  • alasa + ṇya (bhāvataddhita)
• devatā
  • devoyeva devatā (deity)
  • deva + tā (sakatthataddhita)

Lesson 16 - kitaka and sādhana

• Kitaka nāma are the primary derivative nouns formed by adding a kitaka suffix to a root (pac + anta ⇒ pacanta)
• Kitakapaccaya (kitaka suffixes): suffixes that are added to roots and express the sādhana (meaning bore by the suffixes) which is of seven kinds (kattu, kamma..)
• Sādhana: the meanings bore by kitaka suffixes; meanings that complete an action (kiriyaṁ sādheti)
  • 7 sādhana
    • (1). Kattu sādhana (main one)
    • (2). Kamma sādhana: the object completes the action in many cases
    • (3). Karaṇa sādhana: for many actions there must be an instrument
    • (4). Sampadāna sādhana: for many actions there must be a receiver
    • (5). Apādāna sādhana
    • (6). Adhikaraṇa sādhana
    • (7). Bhāva sādhana: merely the meaning of the action itself (bhāva nāma kiriyā)
    • note: these are identical with what you have already studied as kāraka under the lessons of nāma vibhatti with the addition of bhāva sādhana
    • note:
      • sādheti: completes, finishes
    • the difference between kāraka and sādhana
      • they are called kāraka when they are found as meanings of nāmavibhatti and are 6 (kattu, kamma, karaṇa, sampadāna, apādāna and adhikaraṇa); they are called sādhana when they are found as meanings of kitaka suffixes and are 7 (with bhāva)
      • note: in rare occasions they are used interchangeably
• what decides the number and gender of a kitaka noun?
  • it is decided based on what it refers to
    • if it refers to something that is of masculine gender – gacchanto
    • if it refers to many masculine things – gacchantā…etc
• Kattu sādhana kitaka paccaya (secondary derivative suffixes that express the subject)
  • –a
    • (dhamma) √dhar + a = dhammadharo – one who bears the Dhamma
  • -ṇa
    • (kamma) √kar + ṇa = kammakāro – one who works; worker
    • √lubh + ṇa = lobho – the reality that attaches
  • -ṇvu
    • aways replaced by -aka
      • no reason is given for why it is not directly aka
    • (aka ādeśa ve.) √pac + ṇvu = pācako – one who cooks / cook
  • –yu
    • -yu becomes -ana (vi + √ñā + yu ⇒ viññāṇaṃ)
    • vi + √ñā + yu ⇒ vi + ñā + ana ⇒ viññāṇaṃ (the reality which knows)
      • whenever there is dental n it becomes lingual ṇ; here there is no influence of r as there usually is
    • vid + yu ⇒ ved + ana + ā ⇒ vedanā
    • cit (put effort) + yu ⇒ cetanā
    • most of them are neuter gender, but some are feminine and are made so by adding the suffix ā
  • –tu
    • si + tu ⇒ setu (bridge) (sometimes vuddhi occurs even though there is no vuddhi sign)
    • √kar + tu = kattā – one who does; subject / agent of an action
  • –tuka
    • ā + √gam + tuka = āgantuko (one who comes / visitor)
  • –tuna, -tvāna, -tvā (gerund) (indeclinables) (they are kitaka nāma and can also be classified as nipāta)
    • √kar + tuna = kātuna (having done)
    • √kar + tvāna = katvāna (having done)
    • √kar + tvā = katvā (having done)
  • –ta, -tavantu, -tāvī (used in atīta kālayehi: past tense; this is the past participle -ta)
    • √bhuj + ta = bhutto (one who ate) (j>t)
    • gam + ta ⇒ gata (the one who went)
    • gam + tavantu ⇒ gantavantu
    • gam + tāvī ⇒ gantāvī
    • √bhuj + tavantu = bhuttavā (one who ate)
    • √bhuj + tāvī = bhuttāvī (one who ate)
  • –kvi
    • kvi is always elided together with the ending of the root (citta + jan + kvi ⇒ cittaja)
    • paṅka + jan + kvi ⇒ paṅkaja (lotus)
    • (kamma) √jan + kvi = kammajo – the thing which arises due to kamma
  • –i
    • udaka + √dhā + i ⇒ udaka ⇒ uda (ka is elided) ⇒ udadhi (the thing that bares water [sea / ocean])
  • –ina
    • √ji + ina = jino (one who won the akusalas)
  • -ṇī, tu, āvī, yu, rū, ṇuka - denote someone who does something as a habit which is referred to by the root
    • (piya) (pa) √saṃs + ṇī = piyapasaṃsī – one who praises the ones who are dear to him
    • (pasayha) (pa) √vat + tu = pasayhapavattā – one who has the nature of overcoming or conquering others
    • (bhaya) √dis + āvī = bhayadassāvī – one who has the nature of seeing danger
    • √kudh + yu = kodhano – one who has the nature of getting angry often / hot tempered person
    • (pāra) √gam + rū = pāragū – one who has the nature of going to the other shore of something / who has the nature of mastering a subject
    • √bhī + ṇuka = bhīruko – one who is fearful
  • -ra
    • (saṃ) √han + ra = saṃgho / saṅgho – (han (approach ⇒ gha) (the group that approaches vinayakammas with unity)
  • –rātu
    • √mān (honouring, loving) + rātu = mātā – one who loves the son / mother
  • –ratthu
    • √sās + ratthu = satthā – one who admonishes; teacher one used in this case
  • –ritu
    • √pā + ritu = pitu ⇒ pitā – one who protects the son / father (ā and r are elided)
  • –ramma
    • √dhar + ramma = dha + amma ⇒ dhammo (that which holds others without letting them fall into woeful states)
    • note: r is also an anubandha, and should be elided together with the ending of the root
  • –ma
    • √du + ma = dumo (the thing that grows / tree)
  • –māna, -anta (used in present tense; these are the present participle suffixes)
    • √gam + anta = gacchanto (one who is going)
    • √gam + māna = gacchamāno (one who is going)
  • –tha
    • √sam + tha = samatha (the reality that appeases defilements)
  • –ussa, -nusa
    • √man + ussa = manusso (one who knows / understands [human])
    • √man + nusa (an ⇒ ā) = mānuso (one who knows / understands [human])
• Examples
  • kattusādhana
    • √pac + anta - pacanta (the one who is cooking)
    • √har + māna — haramāno (one who is carrying)
    • √likh + māna — likhamāno (one who is writing)
    • √kar + ṇvu — kārako (one who does; in this example ṇvu ⇒ aka)
  • -tabba in kamma sādhana
    • √kar + tabba = kātabbo (thing that is being done)
  • -yu in karaṇa sādhana
    • √car + yu = caraṇaṃ (thing that is instrumental for wondering or travelling - leg) – yu > ana; n > ṇ.
  • -yu in adhikaraṇa sādhana
    • √ṭhā + yu = ṭhānaṃ (the place one stands) – yu > ana
  • -ṇa in bhāva sādhana
    • √kar + ṇa = kāro (act of doing / to do / doing)
    • note: another example of vuddhi changing:
      • si + a + ti ⇒ se (vuddhi even without the anubandha) ⇒ sayati
      • i, ī ⇒ e ⇒ aya
      • u, ū ⇒ o ⇒ ava

Lesson 17 - kitakapaccayas in various sādhana and itthijotikapaccaya

• Note: sometimes when kitakas are formed changes may occur in roots and suffixes
• –tabba, anīya, ṇya, teyya and ricca (aka kicca paccaya) (these suffixes are found mostly in kamma or bhāva sādhana)
  • kammasādhana
    • √pac + tabba - pacitabbo – thing that is cooked
    • √pac + anīya - pacanīyo – thing that is cooked
    • √dam + ṇya - dammo – one who is tamed
    • √dis + teyya - daṭṭheyyo – thing that is seen
    • √kar + ricca - kiccaṃ - the work that is done
  • bhāvasādhana
    • √bhū + tabba – bhavitabbaṃ – happening
    • √bhū + anīya – bhavanīyaṃ – happening
    • √si + ṇya - seyyaṃ - act of sleeping
• –ta
  • kammasādhana
    • √kar + ta = kataṃ - thing that was done
  • bhāvasādhana
    • √gam + ta = gataṃ - act of going
• –ṇa
  • kamma sādhana
    • √bhuj + ṇa = bhogo – thing that is consumed
  • karaṇa sādhana
    • √pad + ṇa = pādo – thing that is instrumental for going / moving; leg
  • adhikaraṇa sādhana
    • (vi) √har + ṇa = vihāro – place one lives
  • bhāva sādhana
    • √caj + ṇa = cāgo – giving up
• –ti
  • kattu sādhana
    • √man + ti = mati – reality that knows well; wisdom
  • bhāva sādhana
    • √su + ti = suti – hearing
    • √jan + ti = jāti – arising
• –ririya
  • kamma sādhana
    • √kar + ririya = kiriyā – action which is being done
• –yu (⇒ ana)
  • kattu sādhana
    • vi + √ñā + yu = viññāṇaṃ - the reality that know; consciousness
  • kamma sādhana
    • √bhuj + yu = bhojanaṃ - thing that is eaten; food
  • karaṇa sādhana
    • √dā + yu = dānaṃ - reality that in instrumental in giving that is to say dāna cetanā (volition in giving)
  • adhikaraṇa sādhana
    • √ṭhā + yu = ṭhānaṃ - the place one stands
  • bhāva sādhana
    • √gah + yu = gahaṇaṃ - taking
• –tuna, tvāna, tvā
  • In kattu and bhāva sādhana as gerunds (pubba kiriyā)
    • √gam + tuna = gamituna – having gone
    • √gam + tvāna = gantvāna – having gone
    • √gam + tvā = gantvā – having gone
• –tave, tuṃ
  • kattu and bhāva sādhana as infinitives
    • √kar + tave = kātave – to do, in order to do
    • √kar + tuṃ = kātuṃ/karituṃ – to do, in order to do
    • note: in these infinitives, sampadāna sādhana is also found other than the bhāva sādhana
• Itthi jotaka paccaya
  • they are the suffixes –ā, ī and inī which are neither taddhita nor kitaka and are added to the end of nouns to express the feminine gender
  • –ā: added to adjectives ending in a
    • sobhano puriso ⇒ sobhanā itthī
    • nīlo ⇒ nīlā
    • abhirūpo ⇒ abhirūpā
  • -ī: added to nouns ending in a that can refer to masculine and feminine nouns to create their feminine version
    • sunakho > sunakhī
    • migo > migī
    • makkaṭo > makkaṭī
  • -ī: added to nouns ending with the suffixes ṇika, ṇa, vantu and mantu to make the feminine counterparts
    • nāviko > nāvikī
    • gotamo > gotamī
    • guṇavā > guṇavantī
    • satimā > satimantī
  • -inī: added at the end of nouns ending in i / ī / u / ū
    • gahapati – gahapatānī
    • daṇḍī - daṇḍinī
    • bhikkhu – bhikkhunī
    • paracittavidū - paracittavidunī
  • mem aid:
    • adj ‘a’ + ā
    • n. ‘a’ + ī
    • ṇika/ ṇa / vantu / mantu + ī
    • i / ī / u / ū + inī

Lesson 18 - kāraka

• nāmavibhattis convey meanings (attha) and some of the meanings are directly involved in producing the action; the attha are of 6 types
  • kattvattha
  • kammattha
  • karaṇattha
  • sampadānattha
  • apādānattha
  • adhikaraṇattha
    • adhikaraṇaṁ nt.: (gram) locative case in the sense of containing
  • note
    • There is another kāraka called bhāva kāraka in addition to the six kārakas mentioned above. With the bhāva kāraka there are seven kārakas. However, bhāva kāraka is never a meaning of a nominal case ending (nāma vibhatti). It is a meaning of verbal case ending (ākhyāta vibhatti)
    • why are they called kāraka?: it is so since they produce the action “kriyaṃ karoti abhinipphādetīti kārako”
• what are akāraka attha?: they are meanings of nominal case endings that do not fall into the category of kāraka such as liṅgaattha and sāmiattha
• 2 types of meanings (attha) of nāmavibhattis
  • kāraka (kattu, kamma…)
  • akāraka
    • liṅgattha, ālapanattha, accanta-saṃyogattha, hetvattha, bhāvalakkhaṇattha, anādarattha…
• Meanings of paṭhamā vibhatti
  • liṅgattha (puriso gacchati): the mere meaning of the stem (e.g.: ‘puriso gacchati’: the subject nature of puriso is expressed by the verb, so puriso only needs to express its own meaning
  • ālapanattha: the meaning of the stem and, additionally, the vocative meaning, the intention of addressing or calling
    • ālapana atthādhike liṅgatthamatte (merely in the meaning of the stem there is one extra meaning ālapana)
    • ‘bho purisa’ - purisa contains which attha?: it contains both liṅgattha and ālapanattha; it is paṭhamāvibhatti used in ālapanattha; or used in liṅgattha that contains ālapanattha
    • why is ālapanattha sometimes considered a different nominal case ending?: due to its different declension
• Meanings of dutiyā vibhatti
  • kammattha (puriso bhattaṁ bhuñjati): the meaning of that which undergoes the influence of the action, which is acted upon (puriso bhattaṁ bhuñjati)
    • liṅgattha and kammattha are present simultaneously
  • payojya kammattha (sāmiko dāsaṃ (/-ena) gāmaṃ gamayati): the object of a causative verb can be written either in accusative or instrumental case
  • accantasaṃyogattha (ati + anta): “involvement till the end”; being mixed or involved without any gap or interval ‒ 2 types
    • kāla accantasaṃyoga
      • bhagavā sattāhaṃ ekapallaṅkena nisīdati (the Blessed One sits in the crossed-leg posture for one week)
      • māsaṃ maṃsodanaṃ bhuñjati
      • saradaṃ ramaṇīyā nadī
      • tayo māse abhidhammaṃ desesi
      • vocab:
        • Sarado (m.): autumn; season following the rains
    • addhā (distance) accantasaṃyoga
      • yojanaṃ dhāvati
  • tatiyā attha (vinā saddhammaṃ kuto sukhaṃ)
    • vinā saddhammaṃ (-ena) kuto sukhaṃ (how could there be happiness without saddhamma?)
  • chaṭṭhī attha (antarā ca rājagahaṃ antarā ca nāḷandaṃ addhānamaggappaṭipanno)
    • antarā ca rājagahaṃ (-assa) antarā ca nāḷandaṃ (-assa) addhānamaggappaṭipanno (he is going [he has started a journey] on the long road between the cities of Rājagaha and Nālanda)
    • due to the influence of antarā both rājagaha and nālandā are written in accusative case with chaṭṭhīattha
  • sattamī attha (sāvatthiyaṃ viharati)
    • ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati (on one occasion the Blessed One was living in Sāvatthi)
    • pathaviṁ adhisessati

Lesson 19 - kāraka (II)

• Meanings of tatiyā vibhatti
  • karaṇattha (kassako dāttena vīhiṃ lunāti): instrument for the action
  • kattvattha (purisena odano paccate): agent of the passive voice action
    • in kammakārakavākya the subject is written in instrumental case
  • hetvattha (kammunā vasalo hoti)
    • hetu is the reason for the occurrance of something
      • kammunā vasalo hoti (one becomes an outcast due to one’s actions)
      • na jaccā vasalo hoti (one does not become an outcast due to birth)
      • dānena bhogavā (one becomes wealthy due to offering)
  • sahādiyogattha (vitakkena saha vattati)
    • when a noun is used together with indeclinables such as saha, saddhiṃ, samaṃ, nānā, vinā, alaṃ, kiṃ it must be written in instrumental case
      • vitakkena saha vattati – It exists together with the initial application.
      • nisīdi bhagavā saddhiṃ bhikkhusaṃghena
      • sabbehi me piyehi manāpehi nānābhāvo vinābhāvo
      • alaṃ te idha vāsena
      • kiṃ te jaṭāhi dummedha
    • sometimes saha is implied: devadatto kokālikena (saha) gāmaṃ pavisati
  • sattamyattha (puratthimena dhataraṭṭho)
    • tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati
    • puratthimena dhataraṭṭho yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami
    • vocab:
      • Dāttaṁ nt.: sickle
• Meanings of catutthī vibhatti
  • sampadānattha: the one who receives something ‒ it has different meanings (8 here)
    • receiving
      • the one who receives something
      • the one to whom one informs or preaches (ārocayāmi vo bhikkhave)
      • the one who receives blessing (sukhaṃ te hotu sabbadā)
    • emotion
      • that with which one is pleased (samaṇassa rocate saccaṃ)
        • Samaṇassa rocate saccaṃ (the recluse likes the truth)
        • Yassāyasmato khamati so tuṇhassa (whoever venerable is pleased with this, may he be silent)
        • Devāpi tesaṃ pihayanti sambuddhānaṃ satīmataṃ - Deities like those Sammāsambuddhas who are mindful.
      • that which one likes
      • that which one is angry at (tassa kujjha mahāvīra)
    • noun + namo / sotthi / svāgataṃ (namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammā sambuddhassa)
      • sotthi te hotu sabbadā
      • svāgataṃ te mahārāja
    • tadattha sampadāna: “for”, “for the sake of” or “in order to” (the dative of a-karanta nouns is substituted with āya (lokānukampāya) (incorrect: namo buddhāya)
      • atthāya hitāya sukhāya buddho loke uppajjati.
      • neva davāya na madāya na maṇḍanāya na vibhūsanāya
      • lokānukampāya
• Meanings of pañcamī vibhatti
  • apādānattha / avadhi attha (gāmā apenti munayo): the place from where one separates or moves away;
  • hetvattha / kāraṇattha (avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā)
• Meanings of chaṭṭhī vibhatti
  • sambandhattha (connection) (rañño puriso): relationship; that with which there is a connection or relation
  • sāmi attha (possession) (purisassa dhaññaṃ)
  • kattu attha (purisassa kataṃ)
  • kammattha (pāpānaṃ akaraṇaṃ sukhaṃ)
  • karaṇattha (instrumental meaning) (pupphassa buddhaṃ yajati)
    • pupphassa buddhaṃ yajati
    • pūrati bālo pāpassa
    • imameva kāyaṃ pūraṃ nānappakārassa asucino paccavekkhati
  • apādānattha (sabbe tasanti daṇḍassa, sabbe bhāyanti maccuno)
  • sattamī vibhatti (divasassa tikkhattuṃ)
  • niddhāraṇattha (āyasmā ānando arahataṃ aññataro ahosi)
    • also performed by sattamī vibhatti
  • bhāvalakkhaṇattha (aññatarassa bhikkhuno passāvaṃ karontassa asuci mucci)
    • also performed by sattamī vibhatti
• Meanings of sattamī vibhatti
  • ādhārattha / okāsa (sakuṇo rukkhe nisīdati)
  • kammattha (muddhani cumbitvā – having kissed the top (crown) of the head)
  • karaṇattha (sopi maṃ anusāseyya, sampaṭicchāmi matthake)
  • sampadānattha (saṅghe dinnaṃ mahapphalaṃ)
  • niddhāraṇattha (amhesu yo amataṁ adhigacchati so itarassa ārocetu)
    • also performed by chaṭṭhī vibhatti
  • bhāvalakkhaṇattha (imasmiṃ sati idaṃ hoti)
    • also performed by chaṭṭhī vibhatti

Lesson 17 - practice: kitaka dissection

Dissect the root and suffix of the following kitaka nouns and write the meanings eloborating the meaning of the suffix.

• √lubh + ṇa = lobho – the reality that attaches (kattusādhana)
• √kar + tu = kattā – one who does; subject / agent of a action (kattusādhana)
• √sās + ratthu = satthā – one who admonishes; teacher (kattusādhana)
• √dhar + ramma = dha + amma ⇒ dhammo (that which holds others without letting them fall into woeful states) (kattusādhana)
• vi + √ñā + yu = vi + ñā + ana ⇒ viññāṇaṃ (the reality which knows) (kattusādhana)
• √ji + ina = jino (one who defeated the akusalas) (kattusādhana)
• ā + √gam + tuka = āgantuko (one who comes / visitor) (kattusādhana)
• √gam + anta = gacchanto (one who is going) (kattusādhana)
• √sam + tha = samatho (the reality that appeases defilements) (kattusādhana)
• √kar + tvā = katvā (having done) (kattu and bhāva sādhana as gerunds (pubba kiriyā))
• √pac + tabba - pacitabbo – thing that is cooked (kammasādhana)
• √kar + ta = kataṃ - thing that was done (kamma sādhana)
• √pad + ṇa = pādo – thing that is instrumental for going / moving; leg (karaṇa sādhana)
• (vi) √har + ṇa = vihāro – place one lives (adhikaraṇa sādhana)
• √su + ti = suti – hearing (bhāva sādhana)
• √dā + yu = dānaṃ - reality that in instrumental in giving that is to say dāna cetanā (volition in giving) (karaṇa sādhana)