Part of Niruttidīpaṇī — Part I; continues Saññārāsi 1 — Garusaññārāsi.

• byañjanavuttirāsi
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page

  byañjanavuttirāsi map

cha ṭhānāni

place (ṭhānaṁ)	letters
kaṇṭhaṭṭhānaṁ	avaṇṇa, kavagga, hakārā kaṇṭhajā nāma
tāluṭṭhānaṁ	ivaṇṇa, cavagga, yakārā tālujā nāma
muddhaṭṭhānaṁ	ṭavagga, ra, ḷakārā muddhajā nāma
dantaṭṭhānaṁ	tavagga, la, sakārā dantajā nāma
oṭṭhaṭṭhānaṁ	uvaṇṇa, pavaggā oṭṭhajā nāma
nāsikaṭṭhānaṁ	niggahītaṃ nāsikajaṃ nāma
3 extra ones:	uraṭṭhānaṃ · siraṭṭhānaṃ (=muddhaṭṭhānaṁ) · jivhāmūlaṭṭhānaṁ (common to all letters, vadanti)

jivhāmajjhaṁ · jivhopaggaṃ · jivhaggaṃ · sakaṭṭhānaṁ

saṃvuṭaṃ · vivaṭaṃ · phuṭṭhaṃ · īsaṃphuṭṭhaṁ

ṭhānaṃ, karaṇaṃ, payatanaṃ

• cha ṭhānāni – kaṇṭhaṭṭhānaṃ, tāluṭṭhānaṃ, muddhaṭṭhānaṃ, dantaṭṭhānaṃ, oṭṭhaṭṭhānaṃ, nāsikaṭṭhānaṃ. (exam)
  • kaṇṭha includes the back of the tongue
• tesu byattaṃ (fluent, skillful) vadantena yattha “akkha”nti vuccati, taṃ kaṇṭhaṭṭhānaṃ.
  yattha “iccha”nti, taṃ tāluṭṭhānaṃ. yattha “raṭṭha”nti, taṃ muddhaṭṭhānaṃ.
  yattha “sattha”nti, taṃ dantaṭṭhānaṃ.
  yattha “puppha”nti vuccati, taṃ oṭṭhaṭṭhānaṃ.
  nāsapadeso nāsikaṭṭhānaṃ.
• katthaci (in some places) pana uraṭṭhānaṃ, siraṭṭhānaṃ, jivhāmūlaṭṭhānantipi āgataṃ (3 other ṭhānas given in other places). tattha siraṭṭhānaṃ nāma muddhaṭṭhānameva. jivhāmūlaṭṭhānaṃ pana sabbavaṇṇānaṃ sādhāraṇanti vadanti (the back of the tongue is common to all letters, some say).
• karaṇaṃ (instrument) catubbidhaṃ – jivhāmajjhaṁ (such as cavagga), jivhopaggaṃ, jivhaggaṃ, sakaṭṭhānanti.
• payatanaṃ (effort) catubbidhaṃ – saṃvuṭaṃ, vivaṭaṃ, phuṭṭhaṃ, īsaṃphuṭṭhanti. tattha karaṇānaṃ sakasakaṭṭhānehi saddhiṃ saṃvaraṇādiko visesākāro saṃvuṭādi nāma.
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page

  map of ṭhāna

• ekaṭṭhānika
  • khaṇṭhaja
    • a, ā, h*
      • *vagganta / antaṭṭhā + h: urasa (uraja vadanti)
      • (i, ī, u, ū)
  • tāluja
    • i, ī, y
  • muddhaja
    • r, ḷ
  • dantaja
    • l, s
  • oṭṭhaja
    • u, ū
  • nāsikaja
    • ṁ
• “dveṭṭhānika”
  • kaṇṭhatāluja: e, ē
  • kaṇṭhoṭṭhaja: o, ō
  • dantoṭṭhaja: v
  • sakaṭṭhāna + nāsikaṭṭhāna: vagganta
• note:
  • the 5 vaggas are produced in the first 5 ṭhānas respectively
  • pañcavaggantā = anunāsikā
• tattha kaṇṭhapadesānaṃ (of the throat areas) aññamaññaṃ saṅghaṭṭanena (by pressing together) uppannā (born, appear) avaṇṇa (a, ā), kavagga, hakārā (h) kaṇṭhajā (produced on the throat) nāma. (exam)
• note:
  • instrument is also the throat (sakaṭṭhāna)
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• tālumhi jivhāmajjhasaṅghaṭṭanena uppannā ivaṇṇa, cavagga, yakārā (y) tālujā nāma. (exam)
  • karaṇa: jivhāmajjhaṁ
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• mukhabbhantaramuddhamhi (in the top area inside of the mouth) jivhopaggasaṅghaṭṭanena uppannā ṭavagga, ra, ḷakārā muddhajā nāma. (exam)
  • karaṇa: jivhopaggaṁ
  • here the ḷ is different from l
  • muddha is explained in myanmar books as the top of the protuberance
  • jivhāmajjhaṁ is slightly under the tongue
• upari dantapantiyaṃ (in the row of upper teeth) jivhaggasaṅghaṭṭanena uppannā tavagga, la, sakārā dantajā nāma.
  • karaṇa: jivhagga
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• oṭṭhadvaya(pair)saṅghaṭṭanena uppannā uvaṇṇa, pavaggā oṭṭhajā nāma.
  • karaṇa: sakaṭṭhāna (tbc)
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• niggahītaṃ nāsikajaṃ nāma. (exam)
• note:
  • each vagga is pronounced in the order of the ṭhānas
    • kavagga, a, ā, h: kaṇṭhaja, sakaṭṭhāna
    • cavagga, i, ī, y: tāluja, jivhāmajjha
    • ṭavagga, r, ḷ: muddhaja, jivhopaggaṁ
    • tavagga, l, s: dantaja, jivhaggaṁ
    • pavagga, u, ū: oṭṭhaja, sakaṭṭhānaṁ
• pañcavaggantā pana nāsikaṭṭhānepi (the nose as well) sakaṭṭhānepi jāyanti.
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• ekāro (e) kaṇṭhatālujo.
• okāro (o) kaṇṭhoṭṭhajo.
• vakāro (v) dantoṭṭhajo.
• apica (furthermore, but) ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā kaṇṭhepi (also on the throat) jāyantiyeva.
  • they can also be pronounced there
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• yadā hakāro vaggantehi vā ya, ra, la, vehi vā yutto hoti, tadā urajoti vadanti.
• hakāraṁ pañcameheva
  antaṭṭhāhi ca saṁyutaṁ
  orasanti vadantettha
  kaṇṭhajaṁ tadasaṁyutaṁ (rūpasiddhi)
  when h is with the 5th letters (vaggantas)
  combined with antaṭṭhā letters
  grammarians say that it is born in the chest
  if not combined with them, it is born in the throat
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page
• (examples:) pañho, tuṇhi, nhāto, vimhito, gayhate, vulhate, avhānaṃ.

  map of payatana

• saṁvuṭa
  • a
• vivaṭa
  • sesasarā (ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ē, o, ō), s, h
• phuṭṭha
  • pañcavagga
• īsamphuṭṭha
  • y, r, l, v
• kaṇṭhaṃ saṃvaritvā uccārito (pronounced) akāro (a) saṃvuṭo nāma.
  • closing the throat
• sakasakaṭṭhāna (one’s own place) karaṇāni vivaritvā uccāritā sesasarā (except a) ca sa, hakārā ca vivaṭā nāma.
  • altogether 11 letters
  • s: teeth and tongue should not be touching
• tāniyeva (karaṇāni) gāḷhaṃ phusāpetvā uccāritā pañcavaggā phuṭṭhā nāma.
  • gāḷhaṁ
• thokaṃ phusāpetvā uccāritā ya, ra, la, vā (y, r, l, v) īsaṃphuṭṭhā nāma.
  • thokaṁ
  • it includes ḷ
• tattha oṭṭhajesu tāva (first) pavaggaṃ vadantānaṃ oṭṭhadvayassa gāḷhaṃ phusanaṃ icchitabbaṃ (should be preferred)
  • tāva ind.
• kasmā? phuṭṭhapayatanikattā pavaggassa (due to the pavagga having the state of having the effort of touching)
• uvaṇṇaṃ vadantānaṃ pana oṭṭhadvayassa vivaraṇaṃ icchitabbaṃ.
• kasmā? vivaṭapayatanikattā uvaṇṇassa.
• esa nayo sesesu sabbesūti.
• note:
  • in SL ‘a’ is the saṁvuta (as in but), vivaṭa is like among
  • in grammar books there is only one version of ‘a’ and it is saṁvuta (the a in father)
• cūḷaniruttiyaṃ pana sabbe rassasarā saṃvuṭā nāma, sabbedīghasarā vivaṭā nāmāti vuttaṃ. tathā saddasāratthajāliniyaṃ (name of a book), katthaci sakkaṭaganthe (sanskrit books) ca. idaṃ yuttataraṃ (this is more suitable). aññaṭṭhānikabyañjanehi yuttā sarā (the vowels which are combined with consonants which have other places) attano ṭhāna karaṇāni jahantāpi (abandoning their own place and instrument) payatanaṃ na jahanti (do not abandon their own effort). tasmā nānāvaṇṇānaṃ saṃsagge payatanānaṃ saṃsaggabhedopi veditabboti. therefore the combination of diferent letters to/for/of ? the effort the division of combinations too should be known.
  • another opinion preferred by niruttidīpanī (cūḷanirutti, saddasāratthajālini and some sanskrit books)
    short vowels saṁvuta
    long vowels vivaṭa
  • when letters are combined and form syllables, some letters can change their ṭhana and karaṇa but not the payatana
    a single syllable may have multiple payatana
  • question: explain the two versions and say which is more suitable according to niruttidipani
  • extra information:
    • saddanīti says:
      • in sāsana vohāra phuṭṭha is used for aspirates, while apuṭṭha for inaspirates
• tattha “suṇātu me”ti vadanto yadi ṇā-kāraṃ jivhaggena dantaṭṭhāne katvā vadeyya, dantajo nā-kāro eva bhaveyya. (here, if the “ṇā” in “suṇātu me” were to be pronounced on the location of the teeth, it would become the dental ‘nā’) (ṇā ⇒ nā)
• tu-kārañca jivhopaggena muddhaṭṭhāne katvā vadeyya, muddhajo ṭu-kāro eva bhaveyya. (tu ⇒ ṭu) (if “tu” were pronounced with the area close to the tip of the tongue on the location of the peak, it would become the retroflex “ṭu”)
• evañca sati (when this is so) akkharavipatti nāma siyā. esa nayo sesesu muddhajadantajesu. (ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ) tasmā kammavācaṃ sāventehi (by the ones who recite) nāma ṭhāna, karaṇa, payatanesu suṭṭhu kusalehi (skillful) bhavitabbanti.
  • evaṁ sati (santa)
  • akkharavipatti
  • sāventa
• sithilañca, dhanitañca, dīghaṃ, rassaṃ, garuṃ, lahuṃ.
  niggahītaṃ, vimuttañca, sambandhañca, vavatthitaṃ
  • sithilādi netti (map)
    • sithilañca
      • 15 unaspirated (k, g, ṅ…)
    • dhanitañca
      • 10 aspirated (kh, gh…)
    • dīghaṃ
      • ā, ī, ū, ē, ō
    • rassaṃ
      • a, i, u, e, o
    • garuṃ
      • dīghā
      • saṁyogapubbā (itt)
      • niggahītantā (iṁ)
      • (pādanta)
    • lahuṃ
      • sesā
    • niggahītaṃ
      • ṁ
    • vimuttañca
      • not connected with ṁ
    • sambandhañca
      • those connected by sandhi
    • vavatthitaṃ
      • those not connected by sandhi
• mudunā vacīpayogena vattabbā vaggapaṭhama, tatiya, pañcamā sithilā nāma. (the first, third and fifth vagga-letters that should be pronounced with a gentle verbal effort, are called unaspirated)
  • sithila
  • k g ṅ
    c j ñ
    ṭ ḍ ṇ
    t d n
    p b m
  • altogether 15 letters
  • in pañhā it is not aspirated since they are two letters pronounced separately
• thaddhena vacīpayogena vattabbā vaggadutiya, catutthā dhanitā nāma.
  • thaddha
  • dhanita
  • kh gh
    ch jh
    ṭh ḍh
    th dh
    ph bh
  • altogether 10
• dīgha, rassā pubbe vuttā. (mentioned previously)
  • when a consonant is combined with them, they are still considered short / long
  • dighā: ā ī ū ē ō ⇒ kā, kī, kū, kē, kō
  • rassa: a o i e o ⇒ ka ko ki ke ko
• dīghā ceva saṃyogapubbā ca niggahītantā ca garukā nāma.
  • saṁyogapubbā
  • niggahītantā
  • garukā letters
    • dīghā
    • saṁyogapubbā
    • niggahītantā
    • (pādanta [the last syllable of each line])
  • “vandāmi cetiyaṁ sabbaṁ”
    • van dā mi ce ti yaṁ sab baṁ
      • G G L G L G G G
• sesā lahukā nāma.
• yathā saddasahito vāto (air with sound) mukhachiddena (the cavity of the mouth) bahi anikkhamma (without having come out) nāsasotābhimukho hoti (goes towards the nasal path), tathā mukhaṃ avivaṭaṃ katvā (having made the mouth not opened [by closing the throat]) vattabbaṃ byañjanaṃ niggahītaṃ nāma.
  • the air with sound heading towards the nasal path without having come out from the cavity of the mouth. Likewise, by not opening the mouth (by closing the throat), the consonant called niggahīta should be pronounced.
• tena yuttāni sabbabyañjanāni niggahītantāni nāma. sesā vimuttā nāma.
  • all consonants attached to the niggahīta are called niggahītanta. The remaining are vimutta (free [from niggahīta])
• padasandhivasena (when words are combined) vattabbaṃ sambandhaṃ nāma (it is called sambandha). padacchedaṃ katvā vattabbaṃ vavatthitaṃ nāma
  • When words are combined with an euphonic combination they are called sambandha. Those that should be pronounced by splitting the word are called vavatthita.
  • sambandha
  • vavatthitaṁ [vi + ava + √ṭhā + *e + ita]
• byañjanavuttirāsi niṭṭhito
• lahusaññārāsi (collection of light terms - terms used as a short version of something else)
  • jho, lo, po, gho, go.
    • jha, la is the short for anitthiliṅga ivaṇṇuvaṇṇa
      pa is the short for itthiliṅga ivaṇṇuvaṇṇa
      gha is the short for itthiliṅga ‘ā’
      ga is the short for ‘si’ in ālapanavibhatti (real vibhatti)

      9. yuvaṇṇā (i-u-vaṇṇā) jhalā nāmassante. (nāmassa ante)

• anitthiliṅgassa nāmassa ante ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā kamena (in order) jhalasaññā honti.
• ivaṇṇa is named as jha
  uvaṇṇa as la
  at the end of stems that are not feminine (not after the nāmavibhatti is added)
• kamena here shows that ivaṇṇa is called jha and uvaṇṇa la
• vocab: see the Part I Vocabulary page

  10. pitthiyaṃ. (pa itthiyaṁ)

• itthiliṅge nāmassante ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā pasaññā honti.

  11. ghā (gho, ā)

• gho ā iti dvipadaṃ. itthiliṅge ā-kāro (in ā) ghasañño hoti.

  12. go syālapane. (go si-ālapane)

• ālapane si gasañño hoti.
  • the nāmavibhattis learned so far are ādesa for the real case endings
  • 14 original nāma vibhattis
    • pat. si / yo
    • (āla. si / yo)
      • this ‘si’ is called ga (lahusaññā) in niruttidīpaṇī
    • dut. aṁ / yo
    • tat. nā / hi
    • cat./cha. sa / naṁ
    • pañ. smā / hi
    • sat. smiṁ / su
  • bhavanta ⇒ ava ⇒ o ⇒ bho
• lahusaññārāsi niṭṭhito.